1.Stovner LJ, Andree C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2010;11(4):289.
2.Linde M, Jonsson P, Hedenrud T. Influence of disease features on adherence to prophylactic migraine medication. Acta neurologica scandinavica. 2008;118(6):367-72.
3.Emadi F, Sharif F, Shaygan M, Shaygan M, Sharifi N, Ashjazadeh N. Comparison of Pain-Related and Psychological Variables between Acute and Chronic Migraine Patients, and Factors Affecting Headache Chronicity. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery. 2019;7(3):192.
4.Martins IP, Gouveia RG, Parreira E. Kinesiophobia in migraine. The Journal of Pain. 2006;7(6):445-51.
5.Sharma N, Mishra D. International Classification of Headache Disorders: what the pediatrician needs to know. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(2):123-4.
6.Leonardi M, Raggi A, Ajovalasit D, Bussone G, D'amico D. Functioning and disability in migraine. Disability and rehabilitation. 2010;32.23-32.
7.Linde M, Gustavsson A, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ, Barré J, Katsarava Z, et al. The cost of headache disorders in Europe: the Eurolight project. European journal of neurology. 2012;19(5):703-11.
8.Mohammadi R, Afroundeh R, Khajehlandi M, Ghiami H, Bahram M. Effect of 8-weeks of yoga exercises on migraine headache induces, serum levels of nitric oxide and serotonin in women with migraine. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2020;16(32):7-8.
9.Chou R, Huffman LH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine. 2007;147(7):505-14.
10.Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby P, Linde M, May A, et al. EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine–revised report of an EFNS task force. European Journal of Neurology. 2009;16(9):968-81.
11.Labarite A, Parsh B. How to manage leech therapy. Nursing2021. 2020;50(11):11-2.
12.Shakouri A, Wollina U. Time to Change Theory; Medical Leech from a Molecular Medicine Perspective Leech Salivary Proteins Playing a Potential Role in Medicine. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2021;11(2):261.
13.Koeppen D, Aurich M, Rampp T. Medicinal leech therapy in pain syndromes: a narrative review. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2014;164(5):95-102.
14.Kumar SA, Prakash SO. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of leech therapy in the management of arthritis. 2011.
15.Ghiyami H, Sadeghi A. Effect of Glutamine Supplementation and Leech Therapy on Blood Lactate Level and Pain Index in a Single Bout Exhaustive Exercise in Young Athletes. Hormozgan Med J. 2019;23(2): 93806.
16.Stange R, Moser C, Hopfenmueller W, Mansmann U, Buehring M, Uehleke B. Randomised controlled trial with medical leeches for osteoarthritis of the knee. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2012;20(1-2):1-7.
17.Michalsen A, Lüdtke R, Cesur Ö, Afra D, Musial F, Baecker M, et al. Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint: a randomized controlled trial. PAIN®. 2008;137(2):452-9.
18.Kalender ME, Comez G, Sevinc A, Dirier A, Camci C. Leech therapy for symptomatic relief of cancer pain. Pain medicine. 2010;11(3):443-5.
19.Bäcker M, Lüdtke R, Afra D, Cesur Ö, Langhorst J, Fink M, et al. Effectiveness of leech therapy in chronic lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. The Clinical journal of pain. 2011;27(5):442-7.
20.Asady AA. Effect of relaxation on frequency and severity of migraine headache. Koomesh. 2000. 10;2(1):45-49.
21.Kumar A, Bhatia R, Sharma G, Dhanlika D, Vishnubhatla S, Singh RK, Dash D, Tripathi M, Srivastava MP. Effect of yoga as add-on therapy in migraine (CONTAIN): A randomized clinical trial. Neurology. 2020 .26;94(21): 2203-2212..
22.John PJ, Sharma N, Sharma CM, Kankane A. Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial. Headache. 2007;47(5):654-61.
23.Elinoff V, Lynn SJ, Ochiai H, Hallquist M. The efficacy of Kiko exercises on the prevention of migraine headaches: a pilot study. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2009;37(03):459-70.
24.Varkey E, Cider Å, Carlsson J, Linde M. A study to evaluate the feasibility of an aerobic exercise program in patients with migraine. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2009;49(4):563-70.
25.Santiago MDS, Carvalho DdS, Gabbai AA, Pinto MMP, Moutran ARC, Villa TR. Amitriptyline and aerobic exercise or amitriptyline alone in the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized comparative study. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2014;72(11):851-5.
26.Domingues RB, Teixeira AL, Domingues SA. Physical practice is associated with less functional disability in medical students with migraine. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2011;69(1):39-43.
27.Overath CH, Darabaneanu S, Evers MC, Gerber W-D, Graf M, Keller A, et al. Does an aerobic endurance programme have an influence on information processing in migraineurs? J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):11.
28.Krøll LS, Hammarlund CS, Linde M, Gard G, Jensen RH. The effects of aerobic exercise for persons with migraine and co-existing tension-type headache and neck pain. A randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(12):1805-16
29.Reips U-D, Funke F. Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in Internet-based research: VAS Generator. Behavior research methods. 2008;40(3):699-704.
30.Sharma VM, Manjunath NK, Nagendra HR, Ertsey C. Combination of Ayurveda and Yoga therapy reduces pain intensity and improves quality of life in patients with migraine headache. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;32:85-91.
31.Kisan R, Sujan M, Adoor M, Rao R, Nalini A, Kutty BM, et al. Effect of Yoga on migraine: A comprehensive study using clinical profile and cardiac autonomic functions. International journal of yoga. 2014;7(2):126.
32.Borg G, Hassmén P, Lagerström M. Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1987;56(6):679-85.
33.Ansari S, Nil F, Jabeen A, Sultana A, Khan QA. Post-auricular leech therapy reduced headache & migraine days in chronic migraine. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2019;9(1-s):75-80.
34.Michalsen A, Klotz S, Ldtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G, Dobos GJ. Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2003 4;139(9):724-730.
35.Barzegar A, Azizi A, Faridi P, Mohagheghzadeh A. Leech therapy in Iranian traditional medicine. Complementary Medicine Research. 2015;22(1):50-3.
36.Rahzani K, MalekiRad A, Elahi N, Haghighi M, JALALI M. The Effect of Neck Massage on Chronic Tension Headache. 2004;27(7):1-6.
37.Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), mcgill pain questionnaire (mpq), short‐form mcgill pain questionnaire (sf‐mpq), chronic pain grade scale (cpgs), short form‐36 bodily pain scale (sf‐36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap). Arthritis care & research. 2011;63(11): 240-S52.
38.Gallagher EJ, Bijur PE, Latimer C, Silver W. Reliability and validity of a visual analog scale for acute abdominal pain in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2002;20(4):287-90.
39.Bakhshi M, Jalalian B, Valian M, Shariati S, Saeidi T, Ranjbar H. Can Leech Therapy Be Used as an Alternative Treatment for Controlling Migraine Headache? A Pilot Study/Da li lečenje pijavicama može da se primenjuje kao alternativni način lečenja u kontroli migrenoznih glavobolja? Pilot studija. Acta facultatis medicae Naissensis. 2015;32(3):189-97.
40.Shiffa M, Siddiqui MA, Sultana A, Zaman F, Fahamiya N, Akhtar MU. Comparative clinical evaluation of leech therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. European journal of integrative medicine. 2013;5(3):261-9.
41.A HA, M S, H Gt, A S. The Effect of leech therapy on Blood Lactate Level and Pain Perception Index in Athletes following an Exhausting Physical Activity. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2019;7(3):1-11.
42.Lauche R, Cramer H, Langhorst J, Dobos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. The Clinical journal of pain. 2014;30(1):63-72.
43.Ellrich J, Schepelmann K, Pawlak M, Meßlinger K. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits meningeal nociception in rat. Pain. 1999 May 1;81(1-2):7-14.
44.Levy D, Zhang XC, Jakubowski M, Burstein R. Sensitization of meningeal nociceptors: inhibition by naproxen. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;27(4):917-22.
45.Samsam M. Central nervous system acting drugs in treatment of migraine headache. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents). 2012;12(3):158-72.
46.Lemke S, Vilcinskas A. European Medicinal Leeches—New Roles in Modern Medicine. Biomedicines. 2020 May;8(5):99.
47.Kaminsky LA, Whaley MH. Evaluation of a new standardized ramp protocol: the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 1998;18(6):438-44.
48.Riede F, Koenen W, Goerdt S, Ehmke H, Faulhaber J. Medicinal leeches for the treatment of venous congestion and hematoma after plastic reconstructive surgery. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2010;8(11):881-8.
49.Kumar S, Dobos GJ, Rampp T. Clinical significance of leech therapy in Indian medicine. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2013;18(2):152-8.
50.David Z. The effects of yoga-based and walking interventions on headaches, stress, and anxiety: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; 2013.
51.Sharma N, Singhal S, Singh AP, Sharma CM. Effectiveness of integrated yoga therapy in treatment of chronic migraine: randomized controlled trial. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(Suppl 1):P116-P.
52.Latha M, Kaliappan K. The efficacy of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine and tension headaches. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol. 1987;13(2):95-100.
53.Kelman L. The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(5):394-402.
54.Darabaneanu S, Overath C, Rubin D, Lüthje S, Sye W, Niederberger U, et al. Aerobic exercise as a therapy option for migraine: a pilot study. International journal of sports medicine. 2011;32(06):455-60.
55.Narin SO, Pinar L, Erbas D, Oztürk V, Idiman F. The effects of exercise and exercise-related changes in blood nitric oxide level on migraine headache. Clinical rehabilitation. 2003;17(6):624-30.
56.John P, Sharma N, Sharma CM, Kankane A. Effectiveness of yoga therapy in the treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized controlled trial. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2007;47(5):654-61.
57.Chillot R. Stop headache… like magic. Prevention. 1998;50(8):98-108.
58.Suryawanshi S, OSMAN HA, Shaikh Y, Nazeruddin G. Synthesis of various esters of diclofenac (NSAIDs) as pro-drugs and their biological evaluation. Chemical Science Transactions. 2014;3(2):562-5.
)