نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم زیستی در ورزش، دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 استاد، گروه علوم زیستی در ورزش، دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

افزایش ترشح عوامل رشدی و متابولیکی به‌وسیلۀ تمرینات هایپوکسی نشان داده شده، این در حالی است که عملکرد عضلانی به‌عنوان عامل اثرگذار اجرای ورزشی مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر 4 هفته تمرین مقاومتی در شرایط هایپوکسی بر هایپرتروفی و عملکرد عضلۀ دوسر بازویی مردان سالم بود. 16 مرد جوان سالم به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه تمرین مقاومتی در شرایط هایپوکسی (فشار سهمی اکسیژن 13 درصد: 8 نفر) و نورموکسی (فشار سهمی اکسیژن 20 درصد: 8 نفر) قرار گرفتند. برنامۀ تمرینی برای هردو گروه به مدت 4هفته شامل 3 جلسه تمرین (60 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه تا واماندگی، سه سِت و یک دقیقه استراحت) حرکت جلوبازو ایستادۀ هالتر در هفته با 48 ساعت ریکاوری پس از تمرین انجام گرفت. قدرت به‌وسیلۀ یک تکرار بیشینه، هایپرتروفی با استفاده از معادلۀ بورش و عملکرد عضلانی به‌وسیلۀ دستگاه آیزوکینتیک قبل و بعد از 4 هفته تمرین ارزیابی شد. در مقایسۀ دو گروه با هم تفاوت‌های آماری معناداری برای قدرت و شاخص خستگی مشاهده شد (05/0≥P). ولی دیگر عوامل شامل درصد چربی دوسر بازویی، هایپرتروفی، گشتاور مفصل آرنج در انقباض درون‌گرا و برون‌گرا، کل کار انجام‌گرفتۀ عضلۀ دوسر بازویی در انقباض درون‌گرا و برون‌گرا، نسبت فعالیت عضلات موافق به مخالف تفاوت معناداری نداشتند (05/0≤P). به‌نظر می‌رسد 4هفته تمرین مقاومتی هایپوکسی با بهبود معنادار قدرت و شاخص خستگی همراه می‌شود و این در حالی است که هایپرتروفی و شاخص‌های عملکرد عضلانی با درنظر گرفتن حجم تمرین کمتر در شرایط هایپوکسی تغییرات مشابهی را نشان دادند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of 4 Weeks of Resistance Training in Hypoxic Conditions on Hypertrophy and Function of Biceps Muscle in Healthy Men

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Moghadasi 1
  • Mohamad Fashi 2
  • Sajad Ahmadizad 3

1 MSc of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Increased secretion of growth and metabolic factors by hypoxic exercise has been shown, while muscle function has not been considered as an effective factor in exercise performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of resistance training in hypoxic conditions on hypertrophy and function of biceps muscle in healthy men. 16 healthy young men were randomly assigned to two groups: hypoxic resistance training (PaO2=13%, n=8) and normoxic resistance training (PaO2=20%, n=8). The training program for both groups lasted 4 weeks including 3 sessions (60% of 1RM until exhaustion, 3 sets and 1 minute of rest) of standing curls biceps with 48 hours of recovery after the training per week. Strength was assessed by 1RM, hypertrophy by Buresh formula and muscle functions by the isokinetic system before and after 4 weeks of training. A comparison of the two groups showed statistically significant differences in strength and the fatigue index (P≤0.05). Other factors including biceps fat percentage, hypertrophy, elbow peak torque in concentric and eccentric contractions, total work of biceps in concentric and eccentric contractions and the ratio of agonist/antagonist muscle activity did not show significant differences (P≥0.05). It seems that 4 weeks of hypoxia resistance training is associated with a significant improvement in strength and fatigue index. However, hypertrophy and muscle function indices showed similar changes considering less training volume in hypoxia conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hypertrophy
  • hypoxic conditions
  • muscle function
  • resistance training
1. Ho J-Y, Kuo T-Y, Liu K-L, Dong X-Y, Tung K. Combining normobaric hypoxia with short-term resistance training has no additive beneficial effect on muscular performance and body composition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2014;28(4):935-41.
2. Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing resistance training programs. human kinetics. Champaign, IL. 2004.
3. Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, Dooly C, Feigenbaum MS, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2002;34(2):364-80.
4. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Fleck SJ, Dickinson A, Kraemer WJ. Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Canadian Journal of applied physiology. 1999;24(1):96-107.
5. Vo MAP. Maximal and submaximal exercise performance at altitude. 1998.
6. Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Aughey R, Martin DT, Ashenden M, Clark SA, et al. Live high: train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency. Acta physiologica scandinavica. 2001;173(3):275-86.
7. Katayama K, Sato K, Matsuo H, Ishida K, Iwasaki K-i, Miyamura M. Effect of intermittent hypoxia on oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in endurance athletes. European journal of applied physiology. 2004;92(1-2):75-83.
8. Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Dufour S, Chung L, Ávila-Gandía V, Alcaraz PE. Biochemical responses and physical performance during high-intensity resistance circuit training in hypoxia and normoxia. European journal of applied physiology. 2017;117(4):809-18.
9. Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Dascombe BJ. Hypoxia and resistance exercise: a comparison of localized and systemic methods. Sports medicine. 2014;44(8):1037-54.
10. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. Journal of applied physiology. 1999;87(3):982-92.
11. Benso A, Broglio F, Aimaretti G, Lucatello B, Lanfranco F, Ghigo E, et al. Endocrine and metabolic responses to extreme altitude and physical exercise in climbers. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2007;157(6):733-40.
12. Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K. The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2005;37(6):955-63.
13. Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Sato Y, Takebayashi S, Tanaka Y, Ishii N. Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2000;88(6):2097-106.
14. Stewart C, Pell JM. Point: IGF is the major physiological regulator of muscle mass. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2010;108(6):1820-1.
15. Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports medicine. 2010;40(12):1037-53.
16. Nishimura A, Sugita M, Kato K, Fukuda A, Sudo A, Uchida A. Hypoxia increases muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2010;5(4):497-508.
17. Kurobe K, Huang Z, Nishiwaki M, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H, Ogita F. Effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions on muscle hypertrophy and strength. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2015;35(3):197-202.
18. Manimmanakorn A, Hamlin MJ, Ross JJ, Taylor R, Manimmanakorn N. Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netball athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2013;16(4):337-42.
19. Gibson AL, Wagner D, Heyward V. Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, 8E: Human kinetics; 2018.
20. Heymsfield SB, McManus C, Smith J, Stevens V, Nixon DW. Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1982;36(4):680-90.
21. Buresh R, Berg K, French J. The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(1):62-71.
22. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of strength training and conditioning: Human kinetics; 2008.
23. Guardado I, Ureña B, Cardenosa A, Cardenosa M, Camacho G, Andrada R. Effects of strength training under hypoxic conditions on muscle performance, body composition and haematological variables. Biology of Sport. 2020;37(1):121-9.
24. Friedmann B, Kinscherf R, Borisch S, Richter G, Bärtsch P, Billeter R. Effects of low-resistance/high-repetition strength training in hypoxia on muscle structure and gene expression. Pflügers Archiv. 2003;446(6):742-51.
25. Yan B, Lai X, Yi L, Wang Y, Hu Y. Effects of five-week resistance training in hypoxia on hormones and muscle strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2016;30(1):184-93.
26. Siddique U, Rahman S, Frazer AK, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Determining the sites of neural adaptations to resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2019:1-25.
27. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2004;36(4):674-88.
28. Newton R. Developing maximal neu romuscular power: part 2—training considerations for improving maximal power production. Sports Med. 2011;41(2):125-46.
29. Martínez-Guardado I, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Olcina G, Timón R. Effect of strength training in hypoxia on body composition and muscle performance. Motricidade. 2017;13(1):135.
30. Brooks G, Butterfield G, Wolfe R, Groves B, Mazzeo R, Sutton J, et al. Increased dependence on blood glucose after acclimatization to 4,300 m. Journal of applied physiology. 1991;70(2):919-27.
31. Lasevicius T, Ugrinowitsch C, Schoenfeld BJ, Roschel H, Tavares LD, De Souza EO, et al. Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. European journal of sport science. 2018;18(6):772-80.
32. Edge J, Hill-Haas S, Goodman C, Bishop D. Effects of resistance training on H+ regulation, buffer capacity, and repeated sprints. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2006;38(11):2004-11.