تغییرات بیان پروتئین آسپروسین در بافت‌های کبد، پانکراس، قلب و عضلۀ نعلی رت‌های نر مبتلا به دیابت، پس از هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی و مکمل‌یاری گزنه

حق شناس, روح اله

doi:10.22059/jsb.2023.365522.1608

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسنده

روح اله حق شناس

نویسندۀ مسئول، گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2023.365522.1608

چکیده

مقدمه: هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تغییرات بیان پروتئین آسپروزین در بافت‌های کبد، پانکراس، قلب و عضلۀ نعلی رت‌های نر مبتلا به دیابت پس از هشت هفته تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل گزنه بود.
روش پژوهش: 48 سر رت نر نژاد ویستار به‌صورت تصادفی به شش گروه هشت‌تایی، کنترل (C)، تمرین (E)، دیابت (D) و تمرین+دیابت (ED)، گزنه+دیابت (UD)، تمرین+گزنه+دیابت (EUD)، تقسیم شدند. پس از دیابتی کردن رت‌ها با تزریق استروپتوزوسین، پروتکل تمرین هوازی تداومی با شدت متوسط تا شدید، به مدت هشت هفته و پنج روز در هفته اجرا شد. میزان مصرف عصارۀ گزنه نیز پنج روز در هفته، به مدت هشت هفته و 150 میلی‌گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن، به‌صورت گاواژ داخل معده بود. 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسۀ تمرین، نمونه‌برداری انجام گرفت. برای سنجش بیان پروتئین آسپروزین از روش الایزا و برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از آنالیز کوواریانس استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که در همۀ بافت‌ها، آسپروسین در گروه دیابت نسبت به گروه کنترل به‌طور معناداری افزایش یافت (05/0>P). گروه EUD بیشترین کاهش را نسبت به گروه دیابت در همۀ بافت‌ها در مقایسه با گروه‌های ED و UD داشت (05/0>P)، به‌طوری‌که در بافت پانکراس این میزان به سطح گروه کنترل سالم نیز رسید، اما تغییرات در بافت قلب معنادار نبود. در همۀ بافت‌ها کاهش اسپروسین نسبت به گروه دیابت در گروه UD بیشتر از گروه ED بود، اما تفاوت بین این دو گروه معنادار نبود.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها، بیان پروتئین اسپروسین در بافت‌های کبد، پانکراس، قلب و عضلۀ نعلی در اثر دیابت افزایش می‌یابد و استفاده از ترکیب تمرین هوازی و عصارۀ گزنه می‌تواند آن را کاهش دهد. اثر هم‌افزایی ترکیب تمرین هوازی و گزنه بسیار بهتر از هر کدام به‌تنهایی بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

فیزیولوژی ورزشی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in Asprosin Protein Expression in the Liver, Pancreas, Heart, and Soleus Muscle Tissues of Male Diabetic Rats, After Eight Weeks of Endurance Training and Nettle Supplementation

نویسنده [English]

Rouhollah Haghshenas

Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: The current study aimed to investigate the changes in asprosin protein expression in the liver, pancreas, heart, and soleus muscle of male diabetic rats after eight weeks of aerobic exercise and nettle supplementation.
Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8 rats per group) including Control (C), Exercise (E), Diabetes (D) and Exercise + Diabetes (ED), Nettle + Diabetes (UD), Exercise + Nettle + Diabetes (EUD) groups. After the induction of diabetes in rats by streptozotocin injection, a continuous aerobic exercise protocol with moderate to vigorous intensity was implemented for eight weeks and five days a week. Nettle extract was administered via intragastric gavage at a dose of 150 mg per kg of body weight for eight weeks and five days a week. Blood samples were drawn 48 hours after the final training session. The asprosin protein expression was measured using the ELISA method and data was analyzed using Analysis of Covariance.
Results: The results showed that in all tissues, the asprosin was significantly increased in the diabetic group compared with the control group (P<0.05). In comparison to the diabetes group, the EUD group showed the greatest decrease in asprosin of all tissue compared with the ED and the UD groups (P<0.05), in such a way that in pancreatic tissue, it reached the level of the healthy control group, but changes in heart tissue were not significant. In comparison to the diabetes group, the reduction of asprosin in all tissues of the UD group was more than in the ED group, but the difference between these two groups was not significant.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, the expression of asprosin protein in the tissues of the liver, pancreas, heart, and soleus muscle is increased due to diabetes, and using a combination of aerobic exercises and nettle extract can reduce it. The synergistic effect of the combination of aerobic exercise and nettle was much better than either alone.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Asprosin
Diabetes
Exercise
Nettle

مراجع

[1] Yuan M, Li W, Zhu Y, Yu B, Wu J. Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:64. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00064.

[2] Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, Saha PK, et al. Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063.

[3] Wiecek M, Szymura J, Sproull J, Szygula Z. Decreased Blood Asprosin in Hyperglycemic Menopausal Women as a Result of Whole-Body Cryotherapy Regardless of Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1428. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091428.

[4] Zhong M, Tian X, Sun Q, Li L, Lu Y, Feng Z, Gao Y, Li S. Correlation of asprosin and Nrg-4 with type 2 diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease and the Diagnostic Value. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12902-023-01311-8.

[5] Farrag M, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Cordero-Barreal A, Ruiz-Fernández C, Capuozzo M, et al. Asprosin in health and disease, a new glucose sensor with central and peripheral metabolic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1101091. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1101091.

[6] Miao Y, Qin H, Zhong Y, Huang K, Rao C. Novel adipokine asprosin modulates browning and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue. J Endocrinol. 2021;249(2):83-93. doi: 10.1530/JOE-20-0503.

[7] Baykus Y, Yavuzkir S, Ustebay S, Ugur K, Deniz R, Aydin S. Asprosin in umbilical cord of newborns and maternal blood of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation and macrosemic fetus. Peptides. 2019 Oct;120:170132. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170132. Epub 2019 Aug 7.

[8] Ko JR, Seo DY, Kim TN, Park SH, Kwak HB, Ko KS, et al. Aerobic Exercise Training Decreases Hepatic Asprosin in Diabetic Rats. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):666. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050666.

[9] Zhang L, Chen C, Zhou N, Fu Y, Cheng X. Circulating asprosin concentrations are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and independently associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;489:183-188. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.034.

[10] Boz İB, Aytürk Salt S, Salt Ö, Sayın NC, Dibirdik İ. Association Between Plasma Asprosin Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2515-2521. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S424651.

[11] Lee T, Yun S, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4/JNK-mediated inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;486:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.001.

[12] Jung TW, Kim HC, Kim HU, Park T, Park J, Kim U, et al. Asprosin attenuates insulin signaling pathway through PKCδ-activated ER stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(11):20888-20899. doi:10.1002/jcp.28694.

[13] Hoffmann JG, Xie W, Chopra AR. Energy Regulation Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential of Asprosin. Diabetes. 2020;69(4):559-566. doi:10.2337/dbi19-0009.

[14] Sampath Kumar A, Maiya AG, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Ravishankar N, Hazari A, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;62(2):98-103. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.11.001.

[15] Lateef Mohammed, A. and R. Haghshenas, The effect of endurance training on gene and protein expression of TGFβ and integrin in the liver of male rat diabetic. Sport Physiology, 2022. 14(55): p. 131-150.[in persion].

[16] Sobhani, F., R. Haghshenas, and M. Rahimi, Effect of eight weeks aerobic training and supplementation of green tea on apelin plasma levels and insulin resistance in elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2019. 28(170): p. 84-93. [in persion].

[17] Haghshenas R, Aftabi Y, Doaei S, Gholamalizadeh M. Synergistic effect of endurance training and nettle leaf extract on the IDO1-KYN-AHR pathway homeostasis and inhibiting of liver toxicity in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1071424. Published 2023. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1071424.

[18] Maghami, M., Keshavarz, S., Haghshenas, R., & Eftekhari, E. The Effect of Endurance Training and Nettle Consumption on Protein and Gene Expression of AKT and GLUT4 in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Male Rats. ijdld 2021; 21 (4) :240-249 [in persion].

[19] Furman BL. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2015;70:5.47.1-5.47.20. doi:10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s70.

[20] Daher CF, Baroody KG, Baroody GM. Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(3):183-188. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.01.010.

[21] Naiemian S, Naeemipour M, Zarei M, Lari Najafi M, Gohari A, Behroozikhah MR, et al. Serum concentration of asprosin in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:65. doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00564-w.

[22] Otles S, Yalcin B. Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of nettle. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:564367. doi:10.1100/2012/564367.

[23] Joshi, B.C., M. Mukhija, and A.N. Kalia, Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 2014. 8(4).

[24] Raimova, K. V., Abdulladjanova, N. G., Tashpulatov, F. N., Juraev, S. S., Matchanov, A. D., Rakhimov, R. N, et al., Comprehensive study of the chemical composition of Urtica dioica L. Journal of Critical Reviews, 2020. 7(5): p. 750-755.

[25] Samakar B, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Urtica dioica (nettle) in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022;25(5):543-553. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.58892.13079.

[26] Mehri, A., Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Larijani, B., & Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of Urtica dioica in the treatment of diabetes. IJP, 2011. 7(2): p. 161-170. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2011.161.170.

[27] Ahmadi, S., Awliaei, H., Haidarizadeh, M., & Rostamzadeh, J. The effect of ethanolic extract of urtica dioica leaves on high levels of blood glucose and gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in liver of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Gene, cell and tissue, 2015. 2(3). doi: 10.17795/gct-30355.

[28] Farzami B, Ahmadvand D, Vardasbi S, Majin FJ, Khaghani Sh. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused Islets of Langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89(1):47-53. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00220-4.

[29] Calegari VC, Zoppi CC, Rezende LF, Silveira LR, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC. Endurance training activates AMP-activated protein kinase, increases expression of uncoupling protein 2 and reduces insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets. J Endocrinol. 2011;208(3):257-264. doi:10.1530/JOE-10-0450.

[30] Yang D, Yang Y, Li Y, Han R. Physical Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Mechanism to Orientation. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(4):313-321. doi:10.1159/000500110.

نشریه علوم زیستی ورزشی

تغییرات بیان پروتئین آسپروسین در بافت‌های کبد، پانکراس، قلب و عضلۀ نعلی رت‌های نر مبتلا به دیابت، پس از هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی و مکمل‌یاری گزنه

مراجع

مراجع

[1] Yuan M, Li W, Zhu Y, Yu B, Wu J. Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:64. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00064.

[2] Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, Saha PK, et al. Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063.

[3] Wiecek M, Szymura J, Sproull J, Szygula Z. Decreased Blood Asprosin in Hyperglycemic Menopausal Women as a Result of Whole-Body Cryotherapy Regardless of Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1428. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091428.

[4] Zhong M, Tian X, Sun Q, Li L, Lu Y, Feng Z, Gao Y, Li S. Correlation of asprosin and Nrg-4 with type 2 diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease and the Diagnostic Value. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12902-023-01311-8.

[5] Farrag M, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Cordero-Barreal A, Ruiz-Fernández C, Capuozzo M, et al. Asprosin in health and disease, a new glucose sensor with central and peripheral metabolic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1101091. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1101091.

[6] Miao Y, Qin H, Zhong Y, Huang K, Rao C. Novel adipokine asprosin modulates browning and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue. J Endocrinol. 2021;249(2):83-93. doi: 10.1530/JOE-20-0503.

[8] Ko JR, Seo DY, Kim TN, Park SH, Kwak HB, Ko KS, et al. Aerobic Exercise Training Decreases Hepatic Asprosin in Diabetic Rats. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):666. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050666.

[9] Zhang L, Chen C, Zhou N, Fu Y, Cheng X. Circulating asprosin concentrations are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and independently associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;489:183-188. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.034.

[10] Boz İB, Aytürk Salt S, Salt Ö, Sayın NC, Dibirdik İ. Association Between Plasma Asprosin Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2515-2521. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S424651.

[11] Lee T, Yun S, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4/JNK-mediated inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;486:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.001.

[12] Jung TW, Kim HC, Kim HU, Park T, Park J, Kim U, et al. Asprosin attenuates insulin signaling pathway through PKCδ-activated ER stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(11):20888-20899. doi:10.1002/jcp.28694.

[13] Hoffmann JG, Xie W, Chopra AR. Energy Regulation Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential of Asprosin. Diabetes. 2020;69(4):559-566. doi:10.2337/dbi19-0009.

[14] Sampath Kumar A, Maiya AG, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Ravishankar N, Hazari A, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;62(2):98-103. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.11.001.

[15] Lateef Mohammed, A. and R. Haghshenas, The effect of endurance training on gene and protein expression of TGFβ and integrin in the liver of male rat diabetic. Sport Physiology, 2022. 14(55): p. 131-150.[in persion].

[16] Sobhani, F., R. Haghshenas, and M. Rahimi, Effect of eight weeks aerobic training and supplementation of green tea on apelin plasma levels and insulin resistance in elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2019. 28(170): p. 84-93. [in persion].

[18] Maghami, M., Keshavarz, S., Haghshenas, R., & Eftekhari, E. The Effect of Endurance Training and Nettle Consumption on Protein and Gene Expression of AKT and GLUT4 in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Male Rats. ijdld 2021; 21 (4) :240-249 [in persion].

[19] Furman BL. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2015;70:5.47.1-5.47.20. doi:10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s70.

[20] Daher CF, Baroody KG, Baroody GM. Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(3):183-188. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.01.010.

[21] Naiemian S, Naeemipour M, Zarei M, Lari Najafi M, Gohari A, Behroozikhah MR, et al. Serum concentration of asprosin in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:65. doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00564-w.

[22] Otles S, Yalcin B. Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of nettle. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:564367. doi:10.1100/2012/564367.

[23] Joshi, B.C., M. Mukhija, and A.N. Kalia, Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 2014. 8(4).

[24] Raimova, K. V., Abdulladjanova, N. G., Tashpulatov, F. N., Juraev, S. S., Matchanov, A. D., Rakhimov, R. N, et al., Comprehensive study of the chemical composition of Urtica dioica L. Journal of Critical Reviews, 2020. 7(5): p. 750-755.

[25] Samakar B, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Urtica dioica (nettle) in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022;25(5):543-553. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.58892.13079.

[26] Mehri, A., Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Larijani, B., & Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of Urtica dioica in the treatment of diabetes. IJP, 2011. 7(2): p. 161-170. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2011.161.170.

[29] Calegari VC, Zoppi CC, Rezende LF, Silveira LR, Carneiro EM, Boschero AC. Endurance training activates AMP-activated protein kinase, increases expression of uncoupling protein 2 and reduces insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets. J Endocrinol. 2011;208(3):257-264. doi:10.1530/JOE-10-0450.

دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 99
فروردین 1403
صفحه 17-29

تغییرات بیان پروتئین آسپروسین در بافت‌های کبد، پانکراس، قلب و عضلۀ نعلی رت‌های نر مبتلا به دیابت، پس از هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی و مکمل‌یاری گزنه

مراجع

مراجع

[1] Yuan M, Li W, Zhu Y, Yu B, Wu J. Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:64. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00064.

[2] Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, Saha PK, et al. Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063.

[3] Wiecek M, Szymura J, Sproull J, Szygula Z. Decreased Blood Asprosin in Hyperglycemic Menopausal Women as a Result of Whole-Body Cryotherapy Regardless of Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1428. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091428.

[4] Zhong M, Tian X, Sun Q, Li L, Lu Y, Feng Z, Gao Y, Li S. Correlation of asprosin and Nrg-4 with type 2 diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease and the Diagnostic Value. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12902-023-01311-8.

[5] Farrag M, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Cordero-Barreal A, Ruiz-Fernández C, Capuozzo M, et al. Asprosin in health and disease, a new glucose sensor with central and peripheral metabolic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1101091. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1101091.

[6] Miao Y, Qin H, Zhong Y, Huang K, Rao C. Novel adipokine asprosin modulates browning and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue. J Endocrinol. 2021;249(2):83-93. doi: 10.1530/JOE-20-0503.

[8] Ko JR, Seo DY, Kim TN, Park SH, Kwak HB, Ko KS, et al. Aerobic Exercise Training Decreases Hepatic Asprosin in Diabetic Rats. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):666. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050666.

[9] Zhang L, Chen C, Zhou N, Fu Y, Cheng X. Circulating asprosin concentrations are increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and independently associated with fasting glucose and triglyceride. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;489:183-188. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.034.

[10] Boz İB, Aytürk Salt S, Salt Ö, Sayın NC, Dibirdik İ. Association Between Plasma Asprosin Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2515-2521. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S424651.

[11] Lee T, Yun S, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4/JNK-mediated inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;486:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.001.

[12] Jung TW, Kim HC, Kim HU, Park T, Park J, Kim U, et al. Asprosin attenuates insulin signaling pathway through PKCδ-activated ER stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(11):20888-20899. doi:10.1002/jcp.28694.

[13] Hoffmann JG, Xie W, Chopra AR. Energy Regulation Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential of Asprosin. Diabetes. 2020;69(4):559-566. doi:10.2337/dbi19-0009.

[14] Sampath Kumar A, Maiya AG, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Ravishankar N, Hazari A, et al. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;62(2):98-103. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2018.11.001.

[15] Lateef Mohammed, A. and R. Haghshenas, The effect of endurance training on gene and protein expression of TGFβ and integrin in the liver of male rat diabetic. Sport Physiology, 2022. 14(55): p. 131-150.[in persion].

[16] Sobhani, F., R. Haghshenas, and M. Rahimi, Effect of eight weeks aerobic training and supplementation of green tea on apelin plasma levels and insulin resistance in elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2019. 28(170): p. 84-93. [in persion].

[18] Maghami, M., Keshavarz, S., Haghshenas, R., & Eftekhari, E. The Effect of Endurance Training and Nettle Consumption on Protein and Gene Expression of AKT and GLUT4 in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Male Rats. ijdld 2021; 21 (4) :240-249 [in persion].

[19] Furman BL. Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2015;70:5.47.1-5.47.20. doi:10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s70.

[20] Daher CF, Baroody KG, Baroody GM. Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(3):183-188. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.01.010.

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دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 99فروردین 1403صفحه 17-29

دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 99
فروردین 1403
صفحه 17-29