Sport Biosciences

Effect of Chronotype on the Maximum Oxygen Consumption, Melatonin, and Body Temperature of Young Football Players of Sanat Mes Kerman Club

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

yahya Asefi 1
mohammad abrizegan 2

1 Corresponding Author, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran

2 Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2023.359165.1587
Abstract
Introduction: It has been proven that the chronotype plays a key role in the timing of peak sports performance. Recent evidence suggests that investigating these differences, which are known as chronotypes, leads to different daily physiological profiles. This research aimed to investigate the effect of chronotype on the maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max), melatonin, and body temperature of the youth football players of Sanat Mes Kerman Club.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental research, 30 young male football players of Sanat Mes Kerman Club with a mean age of 16.26 years old were selected as statistical samples. Based on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), participants were classified into morning and evening types. To perform the incremental treadmill test, participants attended three sessions in the laboratory (7:00 to 9:00 in the morning and 6:00 to 8:00 in the evening). The participants’ blood melatonin levels and body temperature were measured before performing the test and the oxygen consumption was measured during the test.
Results: In the morning type group, there was no significant difference between Vo2max and melatonin in the morning and evening conditions (p>0.05), but in the evening type group the body temperature showed a significant increase compared to the morning type group (p<0.005). In the evening type group, there was no significant difference between melatonin levels in morning and evening conditions (p>0.05), but in the evening type group, the body temperature (p<0.023) and Vo2max (p<0.001) showed a significant increase compared with the morning type group.
Conclusion: It seems that the chronotype affects the aerobic capacity of athletes. In people with evening type chronotype, aerobic capacity is sometimes higher during the evening physical activity hours compared with the morning physical activity.

Keywords

athletes
body temperature
chronotype
maximum oxygen consumption
Subjects

1] Facer-Childs ER, Boiling S, Balanos GM. The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers. Sports medicine-open. 2018;4(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0162-z.

[2] Atkinson G, Reilly T. Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports medicine. 1996;21:292-312. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199621040-00005.

[3] Lack L, Bailey M, Lovato N, Wright H. Chronotype differences in circadian rhythms of temperature, melatonin, and sleepiness as measured in a modified constant routine protocol. Nature and science of sleep. 2009:1-8. DOI: 10.2147/nss.s6234.

[4] Ralph MR, Foster RG, Davis FC, Menaker M. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science. 1990;247(4945):975-8. DOI: 10.1126/science.2305266.

[5] Waterhouse J, Drust B, Weinert D, Edwards B, Gregson W, Atkinson G, et al. The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiology international. 2005;22(2):207-25. DOI: 10.1081/cbi-200053477.

[6] Hayes LD, Bickerstaff GF, Baker JS. Interactions of cortisol, testosterone, and resistance training: influence of circadian rhythms. Chronobiology international. 2010;27(4):675-705. DOI: 10.3109/07420521003778773.

[7] Dijk D-J, Duffy JF, Silva EJ, Shanahan TL, Boivin DB, Czeisler CA. Amplitude reduction and phase shifts of melatonin, cortisol and other circadian rhythms after a gradual advance of sleep and light exposure in humans. PloS one. 2012;7(2):e30037. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030037.

[8] Edwards BJ, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Zeitgeber-effects of exercise on human circadian rhythms: what are alternative approaches to investigating the existence of a phase-response curve to exercise? Biological Rhythm Research. 2009;40(1):53-69. DOI: 10.1080/09291010802067072.

[9] Shanahan TL, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA. Resetting the melatonin rhythm with light in humans. Journal of biological rhythms. 1997;12(6):556-67. DOI: 10.1177/074873049701200610.

[10] Roden LC, Rudner T, Rae D. Impact of chronotype on athletic performance: current perspectives. Chronophysiol Ther. 2017;7:1-6. DOI:  10.2147/CPT.S99804

[11] Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. Journal of biological rhythms. 2003;18(1):80-90. DOI: 10.1177/0748730402239679.

[12] Von Schantz M. Natural variation in human clocks. Advances in genetics. 2017;99:73-96. DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.003.

[13] Roenneberg T, Merrow M. The network of time: understanding the molecular circadian system. Current Biology. 2003;13(5):R198-R207. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00124-6.

[14] Červená K, Spišská V, Kolář D, Evansová K, Skálová K, Dostal J, et al. Diurnal and seasonal differences in cardiopulmonary response to exercise in morning and evening chronotypes. Chronobiology International. 2021;38(12):1661-72. DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1938598.

[15] Koukkari WL, Sothern RB. Introducing biological rhythms: A primer on the temporal organization of life, with implications for health, society, reproduction, and the natural environment: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4701-5.

[16] Kline CE, Durstine JL, Davis JM, Moore TA, Devlin TM, Zielinski MR, et al. Circadian variation in swim performance. Journal of Applied physiology. 2007;102(2):641-9. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00910.2006.

[17] Aloui K, Abedelmalek S, Chtourou H, Wong D, Boussetta N, Souissi N. Effects of time-of-day on oxidative stress, cardiovascular parameters, biochemical markers, and hormonal response following level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Physiology International. 2017;104(1):77-90. DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.6.

[18] Grisham SC. Diurnal Vartations in responses to exercise of (Morning Types and Evening Types. J Sports Med. 1988;28:213-91.

[19] Knaier R, Infanger D, Niemeyer M, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. In athletes, the diurnal variations in maximum oxygen uptake are more than twice as large as the day-to-day variations. Frontiers in physiology. 2019;10:219. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00219.

[20] Adan A, Almirall H. Horne & Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: A reduced scale. Personality and Individual differences. 1991;12(3):241-53. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90110-W.

[21] Mann TN, Webster C, Lamberts RP, Lambert MI. Effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise oxygen consumption and heart rate recovery. European journal of applied physiology. 2014;114:1809-20. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2907-9.

[22] Rossi A, Formenti D, Vitale JA, Calogiuri G, Weydahl A. The effect of chronotype on psychophysiological responses during aerobic self-paced exercises. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2015;121(3):840-55. DOI: 10.2466/27.29.PMS.121c28x1.

[23] Drust B, Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T. Circadian rhythms in sports performance—an update. Chronobiology international. 2005;22(1):21-44. DOI: 10.1081/cbi-200041039.

[24] Winget CM, DeRoshia CW, Holley DC. Circadian rhythms and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1985.

[25] Montaruli A, Castelli L, Mulè A, Scurati R, Esposito F, Galasso L, et al. Biological rhythm and chronotype: new perspectives in health. Biomolecules. 2021;11(4):487. DOI: 10.3390/biom11040487.

[26] Horne JA, Östberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International journal of chronobiology. 1976.

[27] Hill DW. Morning–evening differences in response to exhaustive severe-intensity exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2014;39(2):248-54. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0140.

[28] Brisswalter J, Bieuzen F, Giacomoni M, Tricot V, Falgairette G. Morning‐to‐evening differences in oxygen uptake kinetics in short‐duration cycling exercise. chronobiology international. 2007;24(3):495-506. DOI: 10.1080/07420520701420691.

[29] Pearson J, Low DA, Stöhr E, Kalsi K, Ali L, Barker H, et al. Hemodynamic responses to heat stress in the resting and exercising human leg: insight into the effect of temperature on skeletal muscle blood flow. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2011;300(3):R663-R73. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00662.2010.

[30] González‐Alonso J, Mortensen SP, Jeppesen TD, Ali L, Barker H, Damsgaard R, et al. Haemodynamic responses to exercise, ATP infusion and thigh compression in humans: insight into the role of muscle mechanisms on cardiovascular function. The Journal of physiology. 2008;586(9):2405-17. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.152058.

[31] González-Alonso J, Olsen DB, Saltin B. Erythrocyte and the regulation of human skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery: role of circulating ATP. Circulation research. 2002;91(11):1046-55. DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000044939.73286.e2.

[32] Kirby BS, Voyles WF, Carlson RE, Dinenno FA. Graded sympatholytic effect of exogenous ATP on postjunctional α‐adrenergic vasoconstriction in the human forearm: implications for vascular control in contracting muscle. The Journal of physiology. 2008;586(17):4305-16. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.154252.

[33] Rosenmeier JB, Hansen J, González‐Alonso J. Circulating ATP‐induced vasodilatation overrides sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in human skeletal muscle. The Journal of physiology. 2004;558(1):351-65. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063107.

[34] Rosenmeier JB, Yegutkin GG, González‐Alonso J. Activation of ATP/UTP‐selective receptors increases blood flow and blunts sympathetic vasoconstriction in human skeletal muscle. The Journal of physiology. 2008;586(20):4993-5002. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.155432.

[35] Atkinson G, Todd C, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. Diurnal variation in cycling performance: influence of warm-up. Journal of sports sciences. 2005;23(3):321-9. DOI: 10.1080/02640410410001729919.

[36] Facer-Childs E, Brandstaetter R. The impact of circadian phenotype and time since awakening on diurnal performance in athletes. Current biology. 2015;25(4):518-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.036.

[37] Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM. Morningness-eveningness and early-morning salivary cortisol levels. Biological psychology. 1991;32(2-3):181-92. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0511(91)90009-6.

[38] Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Hohagen F. Sleep disturbances are correlated with decreased morning awakening salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29(9):1184-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.01.010.

[39]  10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.003.

[40] Oginska H, Fafrowicz M, Golonka K, Marek T, Mojsa-Kaja J, Tucholska K. Chronotype, sleep loss, and diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol in a simulated daylong driving. Chronobiology international. 2010;27(5):959-74. DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.489412.

[41] Weitzman ED, Fukushima D, Nogeire C, Roffwarg H, Gallagher TF, Hellman L. Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1971;33(1):14-22. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-33-1-14.

[42] Krieger DT, Allen W, Rizzo F, Krieger HP. Characterization of the normal temporal pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1971;32(2):266-84. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-32-2-266.

[43] Nováková M, Sládek M, Sumová A. Human chronotype is determined in bodily cells under real-life conditions. Chronobiology International. 2013;30(4):607-17. DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754455.

[44] Crewther BT, Cook C, Cardinale M, Weatherby RP, Lowe T. Two emerging concepts for elite athletes: the short-term effects of testosterone and cortisol on the neuromuscular system and the dose-response training role of these endogenous hormones. Sports medicine. 2011;41:103-23. DOI: 10.2165/11539170-000000000-00000.

[45] Teo W, Newton MJ, McGuigan MR. Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2011;10(4):600.

[46] Burgoon PW, Holland GJ, Loy SF, Vincent WJ. A comparison of morning and evening “types” during maximum exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1992;6(2):115-9.

 

  • Receive Date 26 April 2023
  • Revise Date 20 June 2023
  • Accept Date 20 June 2023

Home

Contact Us