Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran

3 MSc of Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

 
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of swimming submaximal training and cadmium consumption on cardiac HIF1-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in pregnant rats. 32 pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: cadmium, swimming, cadmium+swimming and control. Experimental groups performed the swimming protocol for 3 weeks, 5 sessions a week for 60 minutes per session. The cadmium administrated by cadmium chloride dissolved in water was consumed by cadmium and cadmium+ swimming groups. The levels of cardiac HIF1-α and VEGF were analyzed by ELIZA method. The results showed that cadmium administration alone and/or with swimming significantly increased HIF1-α and VEGF (P=0.001). Swimming alone significantly decreased HIF1-α while it significantly increased VEGF (P=0.001). A combination of swimming and cadmium consumption decreased the cadmium effects on HIF1-α (P=0.046) and VEGF (P=0.002). So, cadmium consumption may abnormally raise cardiac HIF1-α and VEGF of pregnant rats and swimming training may balance cadmium effects and protect their hearts. 

Keywords

  1. شکرچی‌زاده، پریوش؛ خزاعی، مجید؛ قراخانلو، رضا؛ کریمیان، جهانگیر (1391). «اثر تمرینات مقاومتی بر سطح پلاسمایی نیتریک اکساید، فاکتور رشد اندوتلیال عروق و گیرنده‌ نوع یک آن در رت‌های نر سالم»، مجلۀ دانشکدۀ پزشکی اصفهان ،30، دورۀ 30 ش 176، ص 1-10.
  2. میردار، شادمهر؛ عرب، آنا؛ هدایتی، مهدی؛ حاجی‌زاده، اکبر (1392). «اثر یک دوره برنامۀ تمرینی شنا بر سطوح فاکتور القایی هیپوکسی ریۀ نوزادان موش‌های باردار»، مجلۀ علوم پزشکی قم، دورۀ 7، ش 3، ص 20-11.
  3. نورشاهی، مریم؛ پیروز، مهدی؛ هوانلو، فریبرز؛ بیگدلی، محمدرضا (1391). «مقایسۀ تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین زیر بیشینه در شرایط هایپوکسی نورموباریک و شرایط طبیعی بر آنژیوژنز»، مجلۀ پژوهش در علوم ورزشی، دورۀ 2، ش 9، ص 172-159.
    1. Almenara CC, Broseghini-Filho GB, Padilha AS. (2013). Chronic cadmium treatmentpromotes oxidative stress and endothelial damage in isolated rat aorta. PLoS One 12; 8(7): 68418-25.
    2. Al Salam S, Hashemi S. (2014). Galectin-1 in Early Acute Myocardial Infarction. J PLOS ONE. 9(1):1-24 .
    3. Angeli JK, Pereira CA, de Oliveira Faria T. (2013). Cademium exposure induces vascular injury due to endothelial oxidative stress: FreeRadicBiol Med 21: S0891-5849(13), 00570-4.
    4. Bausero P, Ben-Mahdi MH, Mazucatelli JP, Perrot-Applanat M. (2000). Vascular endothelial growth factor is modulated in vascular muscle cells by estradiol, tamoxifen, and hypoxia. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology . 279(5): 2033-2036.
    5. Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H. (2008). Long-term enduranceexercise decreases antiangiogenicendostatinsignallinginoverweight men aged 50- 60 years. Br J Sports Med . 42:(2).126-129.
    6. Chilov D, Camenisch G and Roland H. (1999). Induction and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): heterodimerization with ARNT is not necessary for nuclear accumulation of HIF-1a. Journal of Cell Science 112(8): 1203-1212.
    7. Flora R, Freisleben H, Ferdinal F. (2012). Correlation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelium growth factor in rat myocardium during aerobic and anaerobic exercise, Med J Indones ,. 21(3):133-140.
    8. Folkmman J. (2006). Angiogenesis. Journal of Annu Rev Med.57(1):1-18 .
    9. Gavin TP. (2009). Basal and exercise-induced regulation of skeletal muscle capillarization. Exerc Sport Sci Rev37: 86-92 .  
    10. Gavin TP, Westerkamp M, Zwetsloot KA. (2006). Soleus Plantaris and gastrocnemius VEGF mRNA responses to hypoxia and exercise are preserved in aged compared with young female C57BL/6 mice. ActaPhysiol; 188(2): 113–121 .
    11. Gordan JD, Simon MC. (2007). Hypoxia-inducible factors: central regulators of the tumor phenotype. CurrOpin Genet Dev;17(1):71-7 .
    12. Haddad JJ, Harb HL. (2005). Cytokines and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. Int Immunopharmacol; 5(3):461-83.
    13. Hideki O, Ken Sh, Takuya S, Junetsu O. (2012). Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling, J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 1(1): 5-16 .   
    14. Hua-Ping Li, Xuan Chen, Ming-Qing Li. (2013). Gestational diabetes induces chronic hypoxia stress and excessive inflammatory response in murine placenta. Int J ClinExpPathol 6(4):650-659.
    15. Jiang BH, Semenza GL, Bauer C and Marti HH. (1996). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 levels vary exponentially over a physiologically relevant range of O2tension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 271(4): 1172–1180.
    16. Jing Y, Liu LZ, Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Guo NL. (2012). Cadmium increases HIF-1 and VEGF expression through ROS, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways and induces malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci. Jan; 125(1):10-19.
    17. Kovarova J, Rene Kizek, Vojtech A, Harustiakova D. (2009). Effect of Cadmium Chloride on Metallothionein Levels in Carp. Sensors 9(6), 4789-4803.
    18. Ke Q, Costa M. (2006). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). MolPharmacol. 70(5): 1469-1480.
    19. Kim JH, Rhee JS, Lee JS, Dahms HU, Lee J, Han KN, Lee JS. (2010). Effect of cadmium exposure on expression of antioxidant gene transcripts in the river pufferfish, Takifuguobscurus (Tetraodontiformes) .CompBiochemPhysiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 152(4):473-9.
    20. Kim J, Lim W, Ko Y, Kwon H, Kim S. (2012). The effects of cadmium on VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in HUVECs. J ApplToxicol. May;32(5):342-9.
    21. 16. Matsumoto K, Ishihara K, Tanaka K, Fushiki T. (1996). An Adjustable- current Swimming for the Evaluation of Endurance Capacity of Mice. J Appl Pysiol 81(4):1843-1849.
    22. Milkiewicz M, Ispanovic E, Doyle JL, Haas TL. (2006). Regulators of angiogenesis and strategies for their therapeutic manipulation. Int J Biochem Cell B  38(3): 333- 357.
    23. Ookawara T, Suzuk K, Haga S, Chung KS. (2002). Transcription regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle in response to endurance training. Res CommunMolPathol Pharmacol . 111(1,4):41-54 .
    24. Person RJ, Tokar EJ, Xu Y, Orihuela R. (2013). Chronic cadmium exposure in vitro induces cancer cell characteristics in human lung cells. ToxicolApplPharmacol. 273(2):281-288.
    25. Pietro L, Daher S, Rudge MV, Calderon IM, Damasceno DC. (2010). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-receptor expression in pla‌centa of hyperglycemic pregnant women. Pla‌centa. 31(9): 770-80.
    26. Pringle KG, Kind KL, Sferruzzi-Perri1 AN. (2010). Beyond oxygen: complex regulation and activity of hypoxia inducible factors in pregnancy, Human Reproduction Update 16: (4). 415–431.
    27. Prozialeck WC, Edwards JR, Woods JM. (2006). The vascular endothelium as a target of cadmium toxicity. Life Sci 79(16):1493-1506.
    28. Ronco AM, Montenegro AM, Castillo AP. (2011). Maternal exposure to cadmium during gestation perturbs the vascular system of the adult rat offspring, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 251(1) , 137–145
    29. Qian D, Lin HY, Wang HM, Zhang X. (2004). Normoxic induction of the hypoxic-inducible factor-1 alpha by interleukin-1 beta involves the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in normal human cyto-tro‌phoblast cells. BiolReprod 70(6): 1822-1827.
    30. Rundqvist H. (2008). Skeletal Muscle Hif-1 and Exercise. Thesis for doctoral degree, published by Karolinska institute. Stockholm, Sweden Weidemann A, Johnson RS. Biology of HIF-1alpha. Cell Death Differ ;15(4):621-7.
    31. Semenza GL. (2000). HIF-1 mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. J ApplPhysio .88(4): 1474–1480.
    32. Shimoda LA, Semenza GL. (2011). HIF and the lung: role of hypoxia-inducible factors in pulmonary development and disease. Am J RespirCrit Care Med;183(2):152-6 .  
    33. Timmons JA, Jansson E, Fischer H, Gustafsson T. (2005). Modulation of extracellular matrix genes reflects the magnitude of physiological adaptation to aerobic exercise training in humans. BMC Biol ;3(19):23-29.
    34. Trisciuoglio D, Iervolino A, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D. (2005). Involvement of PI3K and MAPK signaling in bcl-2-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in melanoma cells. Mol Biol Cell. 16(9):4153-4162 .
    35. Woods JM, Leone M, Klosowska K, Lamar PC. (2008). Direct antiangiogenic actions of cadmium on human vascular endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 22(3): 643-651.
    36. Yang HT, Prior BM, Lloyd PG, Terjung RL. (2008). Training-induced vascular adapta-tions to ischemic muscle. J Physiol Pharmacol 59 (7): 57-70 .  
    37. Zalups RK and Sarfaraz A. (2003). Molecular handling of cadmium in transporting epithelia .Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 186(3). 163–188.
    38. Zoll J, Ponsot E, Dufour S. (2006). Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. III. Muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts. J Appl Physiol . 100(4):1258-66.