The Effects of Ten Weeks of Spinning Training on Body Composition, Vo2MAX, and Ghrelin Hormone Levels in Adolescents With Overweight

Dana, Salar Abdellah Hamid; Arabmomeni, Allahyar

doi:10.22059/jsb.2023.360590.1592

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

¹ Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

² Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr/Isfahan,

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2023.360590.1592

Abstract

Introduction: Being overweight and obese during adolescence is associated with a wide range of complications and an increased risk of premature occurrence of physical problems, mental disorders, and some cancers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ten weeks of spinning training on body composition, Vo_2MAX, and Ghrelin hormone levels in adolescents with overweight.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group design, 30 overweight adolescents with BMI=26.8 kg/m2 were selected purposefully, and using a systematic random method, they were assigned into two groups of 15 people (Training and Control). The spinning training protocol was implemented for 10 weeks, three times a week, and lasted about 50 minutes with an intensity of 65% of the maximum heart rate which was conducted incrementally. Blood samples were drawn to estimate research variables. The measurements of height, weight, BMI, and Vo_2MAX were done in two pre-test and post-test phases. To analyze the data, Analysis of Covariance tests were used via SPSS26 software at a 0.05 level of significance.
Results: The results of the study showed a significant decrease in weight (P=0.001), fat percentage (P=0.001), and BMI index (P=0.001) and also a significant increase in Vo_2MAX (P=0.001) and Ghrelin hormone levels (P=0.001) after 10 weeks of spinning training.
Conclusion: These findings indicate the beneficial effects of spinning training on body composition, VO_2MAX, and Ghrelin hormone levels in overweight adolescents. Therefore, the use of spinning training is recommended as a suitable prevention and treatment method for overweight and obese adolescents.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Exercise Physiology

References

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[6] Safarpour Z, Nayebifar S, Nikoofar M. Effect of 6 weeks of spinning and stationary bicycle training on serum levels of CTRP3 and PBF in overweight and obese women. Feyz. 2020; 24 (6):639-648. http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-4178-en.html [in Persian].

[7] Mabhout Moghadam T, Mosaferi Ziaaldini M, Fathi M, Attarzadeh Hoseini S. R. Review the effect of high intensity interval training on obesity- Related Hormones. Researches in Sport Sciences and Medical Plants. 2020; 1(1): 1-18. doi:10.30495/varzesh.2020.677981 [in Persian].

[8] Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Wang J, Nie J, He Y. Effect of high intensity interval training protocol on abdominal fat reduction in overweight chinese women. Kinesiology. 2015;47(1):57-66. UDC: 796.015.542:613.25-055.2(510)

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[11] Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, Burns SF, Miyashita M. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;102(6):2165-71. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.2006. Epub. 2007 Mar 8. PMID: 17347386.

[12] Ouerghi N, Feki M, Bragazzi NL, Knechtle B, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT, Bouassida A. Ghrelin Response to Acute and Chronic Exercise: Insights and Implications from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Sports Med. 2021 Nov;51(11):2389-2410. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01518-6. Epub 2021 Aug 10. PMID: 34374968; PMCID: PMC8514378.

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[16] Bangsbo J, Laia F.M, Krustrup P. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine 2008; 38(1), 37-51. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004

[17] Hornberg K, Angstrom L, Wallberg-Jonsson S. Benefits of spinning exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal. 2014; doi: 10.1097/01823246-201409000-00002

[18] Yoon J-G, Kim S-H, Rhyu H-S. Effects of 16-week spinning and bicycle exercise on body composition, physical fitness and blood variables of middle school students. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2017;13(4):40. doi: 10.12965/jer.1735052.526

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[22] Chavarrias M, Carlos-Vivas J, Collado-Mateo D, Pérez-Gómez J. Health Benefits of Indoor Cycling: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(8):452. doi: 10.3390/medicina55080452.

[23] Hajinia M, Haghigi A, Askari R.The effect of high-intensity interval training and high-intensity resistance training on the lipid profile and body composition in overweight and obese men. Journal title. 2020; 8 (3) :61-74. http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-849-en.html

[24] Kaya F, Nar D, Erzeybek MS. Effect of spinning cycling training on body composition in women. Educ Train Educ Train. 2018;6(4):154. /doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.3028

[25] Caria MA, Tangianu F, Concu A, Crisafulli A, Mameli O. Quantification of Spinning bike performance during a standard 50-minute class. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(4):421-9. doi: 10.1080/02640410600718533

[26] Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepato.l 2009; 24(5):703–706. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05823.x

[27] Wedell Neergaard AS, Lehrskov LL, Christensen RH, Legaard GE, Dorph E, Larsen MK, et al. Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: A randomized controlled trial. Cell Metabolism. 2019; 29(4): 844-55. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007.

[28] Afzalpour ME, Ghasemi E, Zarban A. Effects of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training and Green tea supplementation on serum levels of Sirtuin-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha in overweight women. Science and Sports. 2017; 32(2): 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.09.004

[29] De Melo Dos Santos R, E Costa FC, Saraiva TS, Callegari B. Muscle fatigue in participants of indoor cycling. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2017; 7(1): 173-9. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.173

[30] Gao J, Yu L. Effects of concurrent training sequence on VO2max and lower limb strength performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1072679. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1072679

[31] Mohajan D, Mohajan H. Long-Term regular exercise increases VO2max for cardiorespiratory fitness. Published in: Innovation in Science and Technology. 2023; (2)2: 38-43. doi:10.56397/IST.2023.03.07

[32] Paaho A, Tadibi V, Behpour N. The effect of 12 weeks of intense interval training on the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high and low density lipoprotein, testosterone to cortisol ratio, maximal oxygen consumption and body composition in obese and overweight boys. Research in sports biology. 2014; 18(17): 85-103. (In Persian)

[33] Ebrahim K, Ahmadi zadeh S, Ghanimati R, Bagheri A, Sheykhi S, Ghanimati M. The effect of endurance training and garlic supplementation on VO2max in non- active men. Applied Research in Sport Management. 2012; 1(2): 11-18. doi: 20.1001.1.23455551.1391.1.2.1.0 (In Persian)

[34] Emmet C, Cormac P, Brian P, Robert W. The effect of exercise training intensity on VO2max in healthy adults: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses". Translational Sports Medicine. 2022; 1-10. doi.org/10.1155/2022/9310710

[35] Sindall P. Physiological determinants of endurance performance: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A Comprehensive Guide to Sports Physiology and Injury Management: an interdisciplinary approach. 2020: p. 137. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-7489-9.00012-0

[36] Yosefi Chermahini Z, Taghian F, Hedayati M. Effects of Combined Training on the Levels of Obestatin, Ghrelin, and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Women. Journal of Research & Health. 2020; 10(5):287-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ JRH.10.5.552.3. doi:10.32598/JRH.10.5.552.3

[37] Mani BK, Castorena CM, Osborne-Lawrence S, Vijayaraghavan P, Metzger NP, Elmquist JK, Zigman JM. Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise. Mol Metab. 2018;9:114-130. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.006:

[38] Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Lai CW, Wong CSC, Lam WW, Sheridan S, Siu PM. One year of yoga training alters ghrelin axis in centrally obese adults with metabolic syndrome. Front Physiol. 2018 Sep 20;9:1321. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01321.

[39] Akbarpour M. The effect of parallel training on the levels of ghrelin, insulin and growth hormones in obese men. Journal of Physiology of Sports and Physical Activity. 2011; 4(2): 4(1):28-20. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98618_8dae2eb7b58aed10f8329d70fee47154(In Persian)

[40] Algul S, Ilcin S, Ozcelik O. Effects of excercise on ghrelin. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021; 23(3):e2021114.1-11. doi https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i3.10742

[41] Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wierzbicka-Damska I, Bakonska-Pacon E, Kalwa M, Dziegiel P. Impact of nine month health training and a single exercise on changes in ghrelin, leptin and free fatty acids levels in women’s blood. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine. 2015;3(1). Pobierz

Journal of Sport Biosciences

The Effects of Ten Weeks of Spinning Training on Body Composition, Vo2MAX, and Ghrelin Hormone Levels in Adolescents With Overweight

References

References

[1] Gallo Marin B, Aghagoli G, Lavine K, Yang L, Siff EJ, Chiang SS, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2021; 31(1):1-10. [doi:10.1002/rmv.2146] [PMID] [PMCID]

[2] Utkirzhonovna N. Prevalence of the main risk factors for overweight and obesity in young people. Res J Trauma Disabil Stud. 2022;1:14–25. http://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/52

[3] Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:351–65. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.

[4] Liu G, Guo J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Miao J, Xue H. Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:509. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02936-1.

[5] Kang J, Chaloupka EC, Mastrangelo MA, Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, O'Connor E. Metabolic and perceptual responses during Spinning cycle exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):853-9. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000161826.28186.76

[6] Safarpour Z, Nayebifar S, Nikoofar M. Effect of 6 weeks of spinning and stationary bicycle training on serum levels of CTRP3 and PBF in overweight and obese women. Feyz. 2020; 24 (6):639-648. http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-4178-en.html [in Persian].

[7] Mabhout Moghadam T, Mosaferi Ziaaldini M, Fathi M, Attarzadeh Hoseini S. R. Review the effect of high intensity interval training on obesity- Related Hormones. Researches in Sport Sciences and Medical Plants. 2020; 1(1): 1-18. doi:10.30495/varzesh.2020.677981 [in Persian].

[8] Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Wang J, Nie J, He Y. Effect of high intensity interval training protocol on abdominal fat reduction in overweight chinese women. Kinesiology. 2015;47(1):57-66. UDC: 796.015.542:613.25-055.2(510)

[10] Sartor F, Vernillo G, de Morree HM, Bonomi AG, La Torre A, Kubis HP, Veicsteinas A. Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake via submaximal exercise testing in sports, clinical, and home settings. Sports Med. 2013;43(9):865-73. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0068-3

[11] Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, Burns SF, Miyashita M. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;102(6):2165-71. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.2006. Epub. 2007 Mar 8. PMID: 17347386.

[13] Kim HJ, Lee S, Kim TW, Kim HH, Jeon TY, Yoon YS, et al. Effects of exercise‐induced weight loss on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in overweight children. 2008;68(3):416-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03058.x

[14] Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: A Flexible statistical power analysis program for the social. Behavioral, And Biomedical Sciences. Behav. Res. Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146

[15] Koozehchian MS, Nazem F, Kreider RB, Roberts WJ, Best TM, Rong Y, et al .The roleof exercise training on lipoprotein profiles in adolescent males. Lipids in health anddisease 2014;13(1):95. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-95

[16] Bangsbo J, Laia F.M, Krustrup P. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine 2008; 38(1), 37-51. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004

[17] Hornberg K, Angstrom L, Wallberg-Jonsson S. Benefits of spinning exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal. 2014; doi: 10.1097/01823246-201409000-00002

[18] Yoon J-G, Kim S-H, Rhyu H-S. Effects of 16-week spinning and bicycle exercise on body composition, physical fitness and blood variables of middle school students. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2017;13(4):40. doi: 10.12965/jer.1735052.526

[22] Chavarrias M, Carlos-Vivas J, Collado-Mateo D, Pérez-Gómez J. Health Benefits of Indoor Cycling: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(8):452. doi: 10.3390/medicina55080452.

[23] Hajinia M, Haghigi A, Askari R.The effect of high-intensity interval training and high-intensity resistance training on the lipid profile and body composition in overweight and obese men. Journal title. 2020; 8 (3) :61-74. http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-849-en.html

[24] Kaya F, Nar D, Erzeybek MS. Effect of spinning cycling training on body composition in women. Educ Train Educ Train. 2018;6(4):154. /doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.3028

[25] Caria MA, Tangianu F, Concu A, Crisafulli A, Mameli O. Quantification of Spinning bike performance during a standard 50-minute class. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(4):421-9. doi: 10.1080/02640410600718533

[26] Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepato.l 2009; 24(5):703–706. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05823.x

[27] Wedell Neergaard AS, Lehrskov LL, Christensen RH, Legaard GE, Dorph E, Larsen MK, et al. Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: A randomized controlled trial. Cell Metabolism. 2019; 29(4): 844-55. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007.

[29] De Melo Dos Santos R, E Costa FC, Saraiva TS, Callegari B. Muscle fatigue in participants of indoor cycling. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2017; 7(1): 173-9. doi: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.173

[30] Gao J, Yu L. Effects of concurrent training sequence on VO2max and lower limb strength performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1072679. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1072679

[31] Mohajan D, Mohajan H. Long-Term regular exercise increases VO2max for cardiorespiratory fitness. Published in: Innovation in Science and Technology. 2023; (2)2: 38-43. doi:10.56397/IST.2023.03.07

[33] Ebrahim K, Ahmadi zadeh S, Ghanimati R, Bagheri A, Sheykhi S, Ghanimati M. The effect of endurance training and garlic supplementation on VO2max in non- active men. Applied Research in Sport Management. 2012; 1(2): 11-18. doi: 20.1001.1.23455551.1391.1.2.1.0 (In Persian)

[34] Emmet C, Cormac P, Brian P, Robert W. The effect of exercise training intensity on VO2max in healthy adults: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses". Translational Sports Medicine. 2022; 1-10. doi.org/10.1155/2022/9310710

[35] Sindall P. Physiological determinants of endurance performance: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A Comprehensive Guide to Sports Physiology and Injury Management: an interdisciplinary approach. 2020: p. 137. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-7489-9.00012-0

[36] Yosefi Chermahini Z, Taghian F, Hedayati M. Effects of Combined Training on the Levels of Obestatin, Ghrelin, and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Women. Journal of Research & Health. 2020; 10(5):287-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ JRH.10.5.552.3. doi:10.32598/JRH.10.5.552.3

[37] Mani BK, Castorena CM, Osborne-Lawrence S, Vijayaraghavan P, Metzger NP, Elmquist JK, Zigman JM. Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise. Mol Metab. 2018;9:114-130. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.006:

[38] Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Lai CW, Wong CSC, Lam WW, Sheridan S, Siu PM. One year of yoga training alters ghrelin axis in centrally obese adults with metabolic syndrome. Front Physiol. 2018 Sep 20;9:1321. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01321.

[39] Akbarpour M. The effect of parallel training on the levels of ghrelin, insulin and growth hormones in obese men. Journal of Physiology of Sports and Physical Activity. 2011; 4(2): 4(1):28-20. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98618_8dae2eb7b58aed10f8329d70fee47154(In Persian)

[40] Algul S, Ilcin S, Ozcelik O. Effects of excercise on ghrelin. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021; 23(3):e2021114.1-11. doi https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i3.10742

[41] Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wierzbicka-Damska I, Bakonska-Pacon E, Kalwa M, Dziegiel P. Impact of nine month health training and a single exercise on changes in ghrelin, leptin and free fatty acids levels in women’s blood. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine. 2015;3(1). Pobierz

[42] Tajiri Y. Ghrelin and exercise: a possible virtuous circle. Diabetology International. 2017;8(4):347-9. doi: 10.1007/s13340-017-0334-y

Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97
September 2023
Pages 19-35

References

[1] Gallo Marin B, Aghagoli G, Lavine K, Yang L, Siff EJ, Chiang SS, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2021; 31(1):1-10. [doi:10.1002/rmv.2146] [PMID] [PMCID]

[2] Utkirzhonovna N. Prevalence of the main risk factors for overweight and obesity in young people. Res J Trauma Disabil Stud. 2022;1:14–25. http://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/52

[3] Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:351–65. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.

[4] Liu G, Guo J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Miao J, Xue H. Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:509. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02936-1.

[5] Kang J, Chaloupka EC, Mastrangelo MA, Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, O'Connor E. Metabolic and perceptual responses during Spinning cycle exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):853-9. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000161826.28186.76

[6] Safarpour Z, Nayebifar S, Nikoofar M. Effect of 6 weeks of spinning and stationary bicycle training on serum levels of CTRP3 and PBF in overweight and obese women. Feyz. 2020; 24 (6):639-648. http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-4178-en.html [in Persian].

[7] Mabhout Moghadam T, Mosaferi Ziaaldini M, Fathi M, Attarzadeh Hoseini S. R. Review the effect of high intensity interval training on obesity- Related Hormones. Researches in Sport Sciences and Medical Plants. 2020; 1(1): 1-18. doi:10.30495/varzesh.2020.677981 [in Persian].

[8] Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Wang J, Nie J, He Y. Effect of high intensity interval training protocol on abdominal fat reduction in overweight chinese women. Kinesiology. 2015;47(1):57-66. UDC: 796.015.542:613.25-055.2(510)

[10] Sartor F, Vernillo G, de Morree HM, Bonomi AG, La Torre A, Kubis HP, Veicsteinas A. Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake via submaximal exercise testing in sports, clinical, and home settings. Sports Med. 2013;43(9):865-73. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0068-3

[11] Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, Burns SF, Miyashita M. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;102(6):2165-71. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.2006. Epub. 2007 Mar 8. PMID: 17347386.

[13] Kim HJ, Lee S, Kim TW, Kim HH, Jeon TY, Yoon YS, et al. Effects of exercise‐induced weight loss on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in overweight children. 2008;68(3):416-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03058.x

[14] Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: A Flexible statistical power analysis program for the social. Behavioral, And Biomedical Sciences. Behav. Res. Methods. 2007; 39(2): 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146

[15] Koozehchian MS, Nazem F, Kreider RB, Roberts WJ, Best TM, Rong Y, et al .The roleof exercise training on lipoprotein profiles in adolescent males. Lipids in health anddisease 2014;13(1):95. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-95

[16] Bangsbo J, Laia F.M, Krustrup P. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine 2008; 38(1), 37-51. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004

[17] Hornberg K, Angstrom L, Wallberg-Jonsson S. Benefits of spinning exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal. 2014; doi: 10.1097/01823246-201409000-00002

[18] Yoon J-G, Kim S-H, Rhyu H-S. Effects of 16-week spinning and bicycle exercise on body composition, physical fitness and blood variables of middle school students. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2017;13(4):40. doi: 10.12965/jer.1735052.526

[22] Chavarrias M, Carlos-Vivas J, Collado-Mateo D, Pérez-Gómez J. Health Benefits of Indoor Cycling: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(8):452. doi: 10.3390/medicina55080452.

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Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97September 2023Pages 19-35

Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97
September 2023
Pages 19-35