Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
1 Exercise Physiology, Psychology, Ardebil mohaghagh ardabili, ardabili
2 Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili
3 Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Tehran University, Tehran
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and supplementation of saffron with two weeks of detraining on some of the indicators associated with diabetes in obese women with type 2 diabetes. For this purpose, 48 type 2 diabetic obese women were randomly divided into four equal groups (Training, Supplement, Supplements+Training, placebo). The Training, Supplements+Training groups performed aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). Daily dose of 400 mg of Saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The placebo contained 400 mg of wheat flour. Blood sampling was done after 12 hours of fasting. Adiponectin, resinsin, insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR variables were tested. Data analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk test, variance analysis with repeated measures, Bonferron's post hoc test, and one way analysis of variance with LSD post-test. Eight weeks of aerobic training and supplement consumption alone have a significant effect on the indicators related to type 2 diabetes. However, oral consumption of supplement with aerobic exercise has more effects on controlling these indices.
Keywords
1. Paternoster S, Falasca M. The intricate relationship between diabetes, obesity and pancreatic cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer. 2020;1873(1):188326.
2. Grace A, Chan E, Giallauria F, Graham PL, Smart NA. Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2017;16(1):1-10.
3. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obesity research. 2004;12(6):962-71.
4. Yu N, Ruan Y, Gao X, Sun J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effect of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese individuals. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2017;49(03):164-73.
5. Kadoglou NP, Perrea D, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Liapis C, Alevizos M. Exercise reduces resistin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2007;30(3):719-21.
6. Melo LC, Dativo-Medeiros J, Menezes-Silva CE, Barbosa FT, Sousa-Rodrigues CFd, Rabelo LA. Physical exercise on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
7. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):1-13.
8. Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism. 2005;54(11):1472-9.
9. Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Agostini D, Vallorani L, Gioacchini A, Barbieri E, et al. Concurrent aerobic and resistance training has anti-inflammatory effects and increases both plasma and leukocyte levels of IGF-1 in late middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
10. Yatagai T, Nishida Y, Nagasaka S, Nakamura T, Tokuyama K, Shindo M, et al. Relationship between exercise training-induced increase in insulin sensitivity and adiponectinemia in healthy men. Endocrine journal. 2003;50(2):233-8.
11. Li W, Zheng H, Bukuru J, De Kimpe N. Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2004;92(1):1-21.
12. Soeda S, Ochiai T, Shimeno H, Saito H, Abe K, Tanaka H, et al. Pharmacological activities of crocin in saffron. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2007;61(2):102-11.
146 علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورة 13 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1400
13. Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri‐Asl M. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the canon of medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(4):475-83.
14. Garc-Olmo DC, Riese HH, Escribano J, Onta˜´ n J, Fernandez JA, Atiénzar M, et al. Effects of long-term treatment of colon adenocarcinoma with crocin, a carotenoid from saffron (Crocus sativus L.): an experimental study in the rat. Nutrition and cancer. 1999;35(2):120-6.
15. Altinoz E, Oner Z, Elbe H, Cigremis Y, Turkoz Y. Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Human & experimental toxicology. 2015;34(2):127-34.
16. Arasteh A, Aliyev A, Khamnei S, Delazar A, Mesgari M, Mehmannavaz Y. Crocus sativus on serum glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels in healthy male rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010;4(5):397-402.
17. Xi L, Qian Z, Shen X, Wen N, Zhang Y. Crocetin prevents dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in rats. Planta medica. 2005;71(10):917-22.
18. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zhou C, Sun S. Crocetin attenuates palmitate‐induced insulin insensitivity and disordered tumor necrosis factor‐α and adiponectin expression in rat adipocytes. British journal of pharmacology. 2007;151(5):610-7.
19. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zheng S, Sun S, Wen N, et al. Beneficial impact of crocetin, a carotenoid from saffron, on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2007;18(1):64-72.
20. Mohajeri D, Mousavi G, Doustar Y. Antihyperglycemic and pancreas-protective effects of Crocus sativus L.(Saffron) stigma ethanolic extract on rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009;9(4):302-10.
21. Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh M-A-R, Nemati H, Hosseini M, Ahmadi M, Shafiee S. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of crocin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of medicinal food. 2013;16(3):206-10.
22. Yousefipoor P, Tadibi V, Behpoor N, Parnow A, Delbari M, Rashidi S. Effects of aerobic exercise on glucose control and cardiovascular risk factor in type 2 diabetes patients. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2015;57(9):976-84.
23. Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients. The review of diabetic studies: RDS. 2014;11(3):258.
24. Aryaeian N, Arablou T, Sharifi F, Hosseini A, Valizadeh M. Effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2014;9(1):1-10.
25. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar R, Kianfar H. Household of scales guide, conversion coefficients and percent of edible food. Tehran, Publication of Agricultural Sciences. 2000;25:24-9.
تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل زعفران همراه با دو هفته بیتمرینی بر برخی ... 147
26. Nezamdoust Z, Saghebjoo M, Barzgar A. Effect of twelve weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of vaspin, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance index in women patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2015;14(2):99-104.
27. Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A. The effects of peppermint on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10(1):1-6.
28. Kim YS, Nam JS, Yeo DW, Kim KR, Suh SH, Ahn CW. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clinical endocrinology. 2015;82(5):686-94.
29. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2002;56(2):115-23.
30. Prajapati HB. Role of Aerobic exercise as an antidiabetic therapy in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus: A pilot study. International Journal of Therapies and Rehabilitation Research. 2017;6(1):76.
31. Yang Y-C, Hwang J-H, Hong S-J, Hsu H-K. Enhancement of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by Toona sinensis leaf extract. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences. 2003;19(7):327-32.
32. Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wu J, Zhao J, Jiao X, et al. Relationship between blood glucose fluctuation and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(23):3593-600.
33. Razavi BM, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Cardiovascular effects of saffron and its active constituents: A review article. Saffron agronomy and technology. 2014;1(2):3-13.
34. Sheng L, Qian Z, Zheng S, Xi L. Mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of crocin in rats: crocin inhibits pancreatic lipase. European journal of pharmacology. 2006;543(1-3):116-22.
35. He S-Y, Qian Z-Y, Tang F-T, Wen N, Xu G-L, Sheng L. Effect of crocin on experimental atherosclerosis in quails and its mechanisms. Life sciences. 2005;77(8):907-21.
36. Asdaq SMB, Inamdar MN. Potential of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituent, crocin, as hypolipidemic and antioxidant in rats. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2010;162(2):358-72.
37. Henriksen EJ. Invited review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;93(2):788-96.
38. Vu V, Riddell MC, Sweeney G. Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2007;23(8):600-11.
39. Mehdizadeh A, Hamzezadeh S, Tofighi A. Investigation of plasma visfatin changes in women with type 2 diabetes followed by endurance, resistance and combined exercise: The role of lipid profile, glycemic indices and insulin resistance. J Diabetes Metab. 2016;7(703):2.
148 علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورة 13 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1400
40. Wen Y, Lu P, Dai L. Association between resistin gene− 420 C/G polymorphism and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Acta diabetologica. 2013;50(2):267-72.
41. Xi L, Qian Z, Du P, Fu J. Pharmacokinetic properties of crocin (crocetin digentiobiose ester) following oral administration in rats. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(9):633-6.
42. Stefanyk LE, Dyck DJ. The interaction between adipokines, diet and exercise on muscle insulin sensitivity. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2010;13(3):255-9.
43. Nishiwaki M, Kawakami R, Saito K, Tamaki H, Ogita F. The effects of exercise training under mild hypoxic conditions on body composition and circulating adiponectin in postmenopausal women. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2016;36(6):468-75.
44. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Ya, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature medicine. 2002;8(11):1288-95.
45. Jamali E, Asad MR, Rassouli A. Effect of eight-week endurance exercise on resistin gene expression in visceral adipose tissues in obese rats. SSU_Journals. 2017;25(1):20-31.
46. Tofighi A, Ghafari G. Effects of regular aerobic training accompanied by omega-3 supplementation on soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lipid profiles of obese elderly women. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2013;8(3):35-44.
47. Tang NP, Wang LS, Yang L, Zhou B, Gu HJ, Sun QM, et al. A polymorphismin the resistin gene promoter and the risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Clinical endocrinology. 2008;68(1):82-7.
48. Osawa H, Yamada K, Onuma H, Murakami A, Ochi M, Kawata H, et al. The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at− 420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004;75(4):678-86.
49. Hemmati M, Zohoori E, Asghari S. Study of changes in lipoprotein (a) level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of berberis vulgaris. Jorjani Biomedicine Journal. 2014;2(1):17-1.
50. Sadat HS, Bahmani F, Bathaei Z, Moshtaghi KG. Assessent of myo inostiol and grocin effects on rage and tgfb gene expression in the kidney of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. 2014.
2. Grace A, Chan E, Giallauria F, Graham PL, Smart NA. Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2017;16(1):1-10.
3. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obesity research. 2004;12(6):962-71.
4. Yu N, Ruan Y, Gao X, Sun J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effect of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese individuals. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2017;49(03):164-73.
5. Kadoglou NP, Perrea D, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Liapis C, Alevizos M. Exercise reduces resistin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2007;30(3):719-21.
6. Melo LC, Dativo-Medeiros J, Menezes-Silva CE, Barbosa FT, Sousa-Rodrigues CFd, Rabelo LA. Physical exercise on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
7. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):1-13.
8. Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism. 2005;54(11):1472-9.
9. Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Agostini D, Vallorani L, Gioacchini A, Barbieri E, et al. Concurrent aerobic and resistance training has anti-inflammatory effects and increases both plasma and leukocyte levels of IGF-1 in late middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
10. Yatagai T, Nishida Y, Nagasaka S, Nakamura T, Tokuyama K, Shindo M, et al. Relationship between exercise training-induced increase in insulin sensitivity and adiponectinemia in healthy men. Endocrine journal. 2003;50(2):233-8.
11. Li W, Zheng H, Bukuru J, De Kimpe N. Natural medicines used in the traditional Chinese medical system for therapy of diabetes mellitus. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2004;92(1):1-21.
12. Soeda S, Ochiai T, Shimeno H, Saito H, Abe K, Tanaka H, et al. Pharmacological activities of crocin in saffron. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2007;61(2):102-11.
146 علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورة 13 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1400
13. Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri‐Asl M. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the canon of medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(4):475-83.
14. Garc-Olmo DC, Riese HH, Escribano J, Onta˜´ n J, Fernandez JA, Atiénzar M, et al. Effects of long-term treatment of colon adenocarcinoma with crocin, a carotenoid from saffron (Crocus sativus L.): an experimental study in the rat. Nutrition and cancer. 1999;35(2):120-6.
15. Altinoz E, Oner Z, Elbe H, Cigremis Y, Turkoz Y. Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Human & experimental toxicology. 2015;34(2):127-34.
16. Arasteh A, Aliyev A, Khamnei S, Delazar A, Mesgari M, Mehmannavaz Y. Crocus sativus on serum glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels in healthy male rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010;4(5):397-402.
17. Xi L, Qian Z, Shen X, Wen N, Zhang Y. Crocetin prevents dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in rats. Planta medica. 2005;71(10):917-22.
18. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zhou C, Sun S. Crocetin attenuates palmitate‐induced insulin insensitivity and disordered tumor necrosis factor‐α and adiponectin expression in rat adipocytes. British journal of pharmacology. 2007;151(5):610-7.
19. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zheng S, Sun S, Wen N, et al. Beneficial impact of crocetin, a carotenoid from saffron, on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2007;18(1):64-72.
20. Mohajeri D, Mousavi G, Doustar Y. Antihyperglycemic and pancreas-protective effects of Crocus sativus L.(Saffron) stigma ethanolic extract on rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Journal of Biological Sciences. 2009;9(4):302-10.
21. Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh M-A-R, Nemati H, Hosseini M, Ahmadi M, Shafiee S. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of crocin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of medicinal food. 2013;16(3):206-10.
22. Yousefipoor P, Tadibi V, Behpoor N, Parnow A, Delbari M, Rashidi S. Effects of aerobic exercise on glucose control and cardiovascular risk factor in type 2 diabetes patients. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2015;57(9):976-84.
23. Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients. The review of diabetic studies: RDS. 2014;11(3):258.
24. Aryaeian N, Arablou T, Sharifi F, Hosseini A, Valizadeh M. Effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2014;9(1):1-10.
25. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar R, Kianfar H. Household of scales guide, conversion coefficients and percent of edible food. Tehran, Publication of Agricultural Sciences. 2000;25:24-9.
تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل زعفران همراه با دو هفته بیتمرینی بر برخی ... 147
26. Nezamdoust Z, Saghebjoo M, Barzgar A. Effect of twelve weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of vaspin, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance index in women patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2015;14(2):99-104.
27. Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A. The effects of peppermint on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10(1):1-6.
28. Kim YS, Nam JS, Yeo DW, Kim KR, Suh SH, Ahn CW. The effects of aerobic exercise training on serum osteocalcin, adipocytokines and insulin resistance on obese young males. Clinical endocrinology. 2015;82(5):686-94.
29. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2002;56(2):115-23.
30. Prajapati HB. Role of Aerobic exercise as an antidiabetic therapy in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus: A pilot study. International Journal of Therapies and Rehabilitation Research. 2017;6(1):76.
31. Yang Y-C, Hwang J-H, Hong S-J, Hsu H-K. Enhancement of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by Toona sinensis leaf extract. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences. 2003;19(7):327-32.
32. Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wu J, Zhao J, Jiao X, et al. Relationship between blood glucose fluctuation and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(23):3593-600.
33. Razavi BM, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Cardiovascular effects of saffron and its active constituents: A review article. Saffron agronomy and technology. 2014;1(2):3-13.
34. Sheng L, Qian Z, Zheng S, Xi L. Mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of crocin in rats: crocin inhibits pancreatic lipase. European journal of pharmacology. 2006;543(1-3):116-22.
35. He S-Y, Qian Z-Y, Tang F-T, Wen N, Xu G-L, Sheng L. Effect of crocin on experimental atherosclerosis in quails and its mechanisms. Life sciences. 2005;77(8):907-21.
36. Asdaq SMB, Inamdar MN. Potential of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituent, crocin, as hypolipidemic and antioxidant in rats. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2010;162(2):358-72.
37. Henriksen EJ. Invited review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;93(2):788-96.
38. Vu V, Riddell MC, Sweeney G. Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2007;23(8):600-11.
39. Mehdizadeh A, Hamzezadeh S, Tofighi A. Investigation of plasma visfatin changes in women with type 2 diabetes followed by endurance, resistance and combined exercise: The role of lipid profile, glycemic indices and insulin resistance. J Diabetes Metab. 2016;7(703):2.
148 علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورة 13 ، شمارة 2، تابستان 1400
40. Wen Y, Lu P, Dai L. Association between resistin gene− 420 C/G polymorphism and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Acta diabetologica. 2013;50(2):267-72.
41. Xi L, Qian Z, Du P, Fu J. Pharmacokinetic properties of crocin (crocetin digentiobiose ester) following oral administration in rats. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(9):633-6.
42. Stefanyk LE, Dyck DJ. The interaction between adipokines, diet and exercise on muscle insulin sensitivity. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2010;13(3):255-9.
43. Nishiwaki M, Kawakami R, Saito K, Tamaki H, Ogita F. The effects of exercise training under mild hypoxic conditions on body composition and circulating adiponectin in postmenopausal women. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2016;36(6):468-75.
44. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Ya, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature medicine. 2002;8(11):1288-95.
45. Jamali E, Asad MR, Rassouli A. Effect of eight-week endurance exercise on resistin gene expression in visceral adipose tissues in obese rats. SSU_Journals. 2017;25(1):20-31.
46. Tofighi A, Ghafari G. Effects of regular aerobic training accompanied by omega-3 supplementation on soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lipid profiles of obese elderly women. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2013;8(3):35-44.
47. Tang NP, Wang LS, Yang L, Zhou B, Gu HJ, Sun QM, et al. A polymorphismin the resistin gene promoter and the risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Clinical endocrinology. 2008;68(1):82-7.
48. Osawa H, Yamada K, Onuma H, Murakami A, Ochi M, Kawata H, et al. The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at− 420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004;75(4):678-86.
49. Hemmati M, Zohoori E, Asghari S. Study of changes in lipoprotein (a) level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of berberis vulgaris. Jorjani Biomedicine Journal. 2014;2(1):17-1.
50. Sadat HS, Bahmani F, Bathaei Z, Moshtaghi KG. Assessent of myo inostiol and grocin effects on rage and tgfb gene expression in the kidney of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. 2014.
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