Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 M.Sc. of exercise physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

2 Associate professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

3 assistant professor exercise physiology, Faculty of sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyric acid (HMB) was able to upregulated anabolic agents and downregulated catabolic agents, and it can affect the benefits of physical activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of Complex Training (Resistance+ polymeric) and HMB supplements on IL-15, Cortisol, lipid profile, body composition and performance of Basketball Players. 40 basketball club players were randomly divided into four groups of 10, including: 1. Control group, 2. Supplementary group (HMB), 3. Complex training group, and 4. Training group + Supplement (HMB). The training program was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 1.5 hours with intensity 60-80% 1RM. Serum levels of interleukin 15, cortisol, lipid profiles were taken one day before and 48 hours after the exercise protocol was performed in fasting blood. Data were analyzed by dependent sample T-test and two-way ANOVA (P <0.05). Regarding the results of two-way ANOVA, the main effect of exercise in all variables except cortisol was significant. In addition, the main effect of HMB supplementation was significant only in two variable of medicine ball throwing (F = 11.08, p = 0.002) and vertical jump (F = 62.22, p = 0.001). Complex training with HMB supplementation has the greatest effect on increasing anabolic responses (increased IL-15) and reducing catabolic responses (Cortisol) and lipid profile indexes. Therefore, it seems that use of this supplement with the complex training modality is effective in improving physiological conditions and enhancing explosive power athletes such as basketball.

Keywords

1.   Inovero JG, Pagaduan JC. Effects of a Six-Week Strength Training and Upper Body Plyometrics in Male College Basketball Physical Education Students. Sport Scientific & Practical Aspects. 2015;12(1):11-6.
2.   Spiteri T, Nimphius S, Hart NH, Specos C, Sheppard JM, Newton RU. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2014;28(9):2415-23.
3.   Schelling X, Calleja-González J, Torres-Ronda L, Terrados N. Using testosterone and cortisol as biomarker for training individualization in elite basketball: a 4-year follow-up study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015;29(2):368-78.
4.   Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: the role of myokines in exercise adaptations. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2017;7(11):1-22.
5.   Tsoukos A, Veligekas P, Brown LE, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. Delayed Effects of a Low-Volume, Power-Type Resistance Exercise Session on Explosive Performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018;32(3):643-650.
6.   Aksović N, Berić D. Differences in explosive power between basketball players of different age. Fizička kultura. 2017;71(1):36-42.
7.   Rushall BS, Pyke FS. Training for sports and fitness: Macmillan Education; 1990;1-8.
8.   Libby J. The Comparison of Complex Versus Compound Training Programs on Volleyball Players: ProQuest; 2006; 1-10.
9.   Alonso J, Dias Johnson G. The effects of six weeks of in-season specific training on young Swedish division 2 basketball players. 2011;1-30.
10. Adams K, O’Shea JP, O’Shea KL, Climstein M. The effect of six weeks of squat, plyometric and squat-plyometric training on power production. Journal of applied sport science research. 1992;6(1):36-41.
11. Turgut E, Cinar-Medeni O, Colakoglu FF, Baltaci G. " Ballistic Six" Upper-Extremity Plyometric Training for the Pediatric Volleyball Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2017;1-23.
12. Jensen RL, Ebben WP. Kinetic analysis of complex training rest interval effect on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003;17(2):345-9.
13. Santos EJ, Janeira MA. Effects of complex training on explosive strength in adolescent male basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(3):903-909.
14. Inder WJ, Wittert GA. Exercise and the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis. The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise. 2005:217-231.
15. Pérez‐López A, McKendry J, Martin‐Rincon M, Morales‐Alamo D, Pérez‐Köhler B, Valadés D, et al. Skeletal muscle IL‐15/IL‐15Rα and myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2018;28(1):116-25.
16. Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Drivdahl RH, Alvarez B, Argilés JM. Overexpression of interleukin-15 induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in vitro: implications for treatment of muscle wasting disorders. Experimental cell research. 2002;280(1):55-63.
17. Tamura Y, Watanabe K, Kantani T, Hayashi J, Ishida N, Kaneki M. Upregulation of circulating IL-15 by treadmill running in healthy individuals: is IL-15 an endocrine mediator of the beneficial effects of endurance exercise? Endocrine journal. 2011;58(3):211-215.
18. Redd MJ, Hoffman JR, Gepner Y, Stout JR, Hoffman MW, Ben-Dov D, et al. The effect of HMB ingestion on the IGF-I and IGF binding protein response to high intensity military training. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2017;32:55-59.
19. Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate ingestion, part I: Effects on strength and fat free mass. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000;32(12):2109-15.
20. Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Comstock BA, Fragala MS, Davitt PM, Cortis C, et al. Influence of HMB supplementation and resistance training on cytokine responses to resistance exercise. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2014;33(4):247-255.
21. Portal S, Zadik Z, Rabinowitz J, Pilz-Burstein R, Adler-Portal D, Meckel Y, et al. The effect of HMB supplementation on body composition, fitness, hormonal and inflammatory mediators in elite adolescent volleyball players: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European journal of applied physiology. 2011;111(9):2261-2269.
22. Agha Alinejad H, Nazarali P, Rezaee Z, Delfan M, Molanori Shamsi M, Habibi F. The Effect of Gender Differences on the Response of IL-6, IL-5, Cortisol to Single Session of Circuit Resistance Exercise in Elite Handball Players. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011;13(4):412-417.
23. Yeo N, Woo J, Shin K, Park J, Kang S. The effects of different exercise intensity on myokine and angiogenesis factors. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2012;52(4):448-454.
24. Bazgir B, Salesi M, Koushki M, Amirghofran Z. Effects of eccentric and concentric emphasized resistance exercise on IL-15 serum levels and its relation to inflammatory markers in athletes and non-athletes. Asian journal of sports medicine. 2015;6(3).e27980.
25. Nielsen AR, Pedersen BK. The biological roles of exercise-induced cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 2007;32(5):833-839.
26. Marzetti E, Carter CS, Wohlgemuth SE, Lees HA, Giovannini S, Anderson B, et al. Changes in IL-15 expression and death-receptor apoptotic signaling in rat gastrocnemius muscle with aging and life-long calorie restriction. Mechanisms of ageing and development. 2009;130(4):272-280.
27. Argiles JM, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Counteracting inflammation: a promising therapy in cachexia. Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis. 2012;17(3):253-262.
28. Hill E, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A, Hackney A. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2008;31(7):587-591.
29. Hackney AC. Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism. 2006;1(6):783-792.
30. Albert FJ, Morente-Sánchez J, Ortega FB, Castillo MJ, Gutiérrez Á. Usefulness of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in different sports: an update and practical implications. Nutricion hospitalaria. 2015;32(1):20-33.
31. Ryan L. Interaction of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance trained individuals. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2014; 30(7):1843-1854.
32. Sarzynski MA, Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Slentz CA, Apolzan JW, McGarrah RW, et al. Effects of Increasing Exercise Intensity and Dose on Multiple Measures of HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Function. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2018; 38 (4): 943-952.
33. Pedersen BK. Muscles and their myokines. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011;214(2):337-46.
34. Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Erikstrup C, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Mounier R, et al. Association between interleukin-15 and obesity: interleukin-15 as a potential regulator of fat mass. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008;93(11):4486-4493.
35. Álvarez-Rodríguez L, López-Hoyos M, Muñoz-Cacho P, Martínez-Taboada VM. Aging is associated with circulating cytokine dysregulation. Cellular immunology. 2012;273(2):124-132.
36. Fayed H. The effect of coplex training on antioxidant, certain physical education and record level of 50M crawl swimming foryoung swimmer. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health. 2015;15(2):379-385.
37. Lehnert M, Lamrová I, Elfmark M. Changes in speed and strength in female volleyball players during and after a plyometric training program. Acta Gymnica. 2009;39(1):59-66.