The effect of 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin in male rats with coronary artery disease

Dehghan, Elham; Ravasi, Aliasghar; Nuri, Reza; Gaeini, Abbas Ali

doi:10.22059/jsb.2020.238835.1188

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

¹ Department of Exercise Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.

² Corresponding Author, Department of Exercise Physiology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.

³ Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2020.238835.1188

Abstract

Introduction: Aerobic exercises expand the capillary network in the heart and skeletal muscle. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercises on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serum endostatin (ES) in male rats with coronary artery disease.
Methods: The subjects were 30 two-month-old healthy male Wistar rats, which were divided into three groups including discontinuous aerobic exercise with coronary artery disease, the control group with coronary artery disease, and the healthy control group. After inducing disease in 20 rats with isoproterenol, 10 rats in the experimental group did discontinuous aerobic exercise on a treadmill for eight weeks, and the control group with disease (n=10) and the healthy control group (n=10) did not do any exercise. 72 hours after the last training session, to measure the serum indices of VEGF and ES, blood samples were drawn from the subjects. The one-way analysis of variance with Scheffe's post hoc test was used to compare the variables’ mean among the studied groups.
Results: The results showed that discontinuous aerobic exercise could increase the blood VEGF in rats with coronary artery disease (P=0.01) compared with healthy and diseased control groups, while there was no difference in the level of ES in groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present results that discontinuous aerobic exercises can be used in the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease and are effective in the angiogenesis process.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Exercise Physiology

References

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[3]Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341(9):650-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410904

[4]Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Sports medicine. 2001:31(2);101-14. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131020-00003

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[6]Tang K, Xia FC, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Exercise-induced VEGF transcriptional activation in brain, lung and skeletal muscle. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 2010;170(1):16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.007

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[9] Gavin T, Drew J, Kubik C, Pofahl W, Hickner R. Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression. Acta physiologica. 2007;191(2):139-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01723.x

[10] Tolouei Azar J, Ravasi A, Soori R, Akbarnejad A, Hemati Nafar M. The Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Training on Angiogenesis (VEGF) and Angiostatic (ES) Factors In Sedentary Women. Urmia Medical Journal 2017;27(12):1032-40. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.umj.27.12.1032

[11] Shakoor E, Qassemian A, Koushkie Jahromi M, Mehrez A. Effects of 8-week Aerobic Exercise Training on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor among Postmenopausal Women. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2017;5(4):64-73. [In Persain]

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[14] Star, G., Giovinazzo, M., & Langleben, D. (2013). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the control of endothelin-1 synthesis by human lung microvascular endothelial cells: A possible pathway for pathogenesis. Life Sciences, 25(93), e44.‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.154

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[17] Tabara Y, Yuasa T, Oshiumi A, Kobayashi T, Miyawaki Y, Miki T, et al. Effect of acute and long-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in the elderly. Hypertension Research. 2007;30(10):895-902. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.895

[18] Ogura Y, Naito H, Kurosaka M, Sugiura T, Junichiro A, Katamoto S. Sprint-interval training induces heat shock protein 72 in rat skeletal muscles. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2006;5(2):194. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03156

[19] Elliott AD, Rajopadhyaya K, Bentley DJ, Beltrame JF, Aromataris EC. Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2015;24(2):149-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2014.09.001

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[21] Daubert, M. A., & Jeremias, A. (2010). The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: review of the current findings. Vascular health and risk management, (2010). 691-699.‏ https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S5306

[22] Karami S, Ramezani A.(2016) Adaptation in Response of Excitation and Inhibition Factors of Angiogenesis after 4 Weeks of Progressive Resistant Training in Sedentary Men. Intern Med Today; 22 (4) :267-274. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.hms.22.4.267

[23] Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R., Moeinnia, N., & Motahari Rad, M. (2017). The effect of two intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. Obesity Medicine, 5.‏ [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.004

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[25] Mota MM, Mesquita TRR, da Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Santos SL, Capettini LdSA, et al. Endothelium adjustments to acute resistance exercise are intensity-dependent in healthy animals. Life sciences. 2015;142:86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.007

[26] Shekarchizadeh, P., Khazaei, M., Gharakhanlou, R., Karimian, J., & Safarzadeh, A. R. (2012). The Effects of Resistance Training on Plasma Angiogenic Factors in Normal Rats. Journal of isfahan medical school, 30(176).‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.24040

[27] Mahrou, M., Gaeini, A. A., Chobbineh, S., & Javidi, M. (2015). Changes in stimulating factors of angiogenesis, induced by progressive resistance training in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 14(1), 1-8.‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v12i2.4049

[28] Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50–60 years. British journal of sports medicine. 2008;42(2):126-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.035188

[29] Ohno H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Sumitani Y, Sato S, et al. Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2012;1(1):5-16. https://doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.1.5

[30] Husain K. Physical conditioning modulates rat cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in nitric oxide-deficient hypertension. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2004;320(4):1169-74. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.058

[31] Zheng W, Christensen LP, Tomanek RJ. Stretch induces upregulation of key tyrosine kinase receptors in microvascular endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004;287(6):H2739-H45. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00410.2004

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[33]Martínez A. A new family of angiogenic factors. Cancer letters. 2006;236(2):157-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.008

[34]Yung YC, Chae J, Buehler MJ, Hunter CP, Mooney DJ. Cyclic tensile strain triggers a sequence of autocrine and paracrine signaling to regulate angiogenic sprouting in human vascular cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(36):15279-84. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905891106

[35] Seida A, Wada J, Kunitomi M, Tsuchiyama Y, Miyatake N, Fujii M, et al. Serum bFGF levels are reduced in Japanese overweight men and restored by a 6-month exercise education. International journal of obesity. 2003;27(11):1325-31. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802408

[36] Bilusic M, Wong YN. Anti-angiogenesis in prostate cancer: knocked down but not out. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014;16(3):372-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682x.125903

Journal of Sport Biosciences

The effect of 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin in male rats with coronary artery disease

References

References

[1]Townsend N, Wilson L, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Rayner M, Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. European heart journal. 2016:ehw334. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334

[2]Salehi Z, Salehi K, Moeini M, Kargarfard M, Sadeghi M. The effect of resistance exercise on lipid profile of coronary artery disease patients: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2017;22(2):112. [In Persain]https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_385_14

[3]Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341(9):650-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410904

[4]Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Sports medicine. 2001:31(2);101-14. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131020-00003

[5]Helgason CM, Wolf PA. American Heart Association Prevention Conference IV: prevention and rehabilitation of stroke. Circulation. 1997;96(2):701-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.96.2.701 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.007

[6]Tang K, Xia FC, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Exercise-induced VEGF transcriptional activation in brain, lung and skeletal muscle. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 2010;170(1):16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.007

[8] Huber-Abel FA, Gerber M, Hoppeler H, Baum O. Exercise-induced angiogenesis correlates with the up-regulated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in human skeletal muscle. European journal of applied physiology. 2012;112(1):155-62.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1960-x

[9] Gavin T, Drew J, Kubik C, Pofahl W, Hickner R. Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression. Acta physiologica. 2007;191(2):139-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01723.x

[10] Tolouei Azar J, Ravasi A, Soori R, Akbarnejad A, Hemati Nafar M. The Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Training on Angiogenesis (VEGF) and Angiostatic (ES) Factors In Sedentary Women. Urmia Medical Journal 2017;27(12):1032-40. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.umj.27.12.1032

[11] Shakoor E, Qassemian A, Koushkie Jahromi M, Mehrez A. Effects of 8-week Aerobic Exercise Training on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor among Postmenopausal Women. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2017;5(4):64-73. [In Persain]

[13] Nourshahi, M., Hedayati, M., Nemati, J., Ranjbar, K., & Gholamali, M. (2012). Effect of 8 weeks endurance training on serum vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in wistar rats. Koomesh, 13(4). [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2011.08.008

[14] Star, G., Giovinazzo, M., & Langleben, D. (2013). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the control of endothelin-1 synthesis by human lung microvascular endothelial cells: A possible pathway for pathogenesis. Life Sciences, 25(93), e44.‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.154

[16] Rankin A, Rankin A, MacIntyre P, Hillis W. Walk or run? Is high-intensity exercise more effective than moderate-intensity exercise at reducing cardiovascular risk? Scottish medical journal. 2012;57(2):99-102. https://doi.org/10.1258/smj.2011.011284

[17] Tabara Y, Yuasa T, Oshiumi A, Kobayashi T, Miyawaki Y, Miki T, et al. Effect of acute and long-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in the elderly. Hypertension Research. 2007;30(10):895-902. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.895

[18] Ogura Y, Naito H, Kurosaka M, Sugiura T, Junichiro A, Katamoto S. Sprint-interval training induces heat shock protein 72 in rat skeletal muscles. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2006;5(2):194. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03156

[19] Elliott AD, Rajopadhyaya K, Bentley DJ, Beltrame JF, Aromataris EC. Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2015;24(2):149-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2014.09.001

[21] Daubert, M. A., & Jeremias, A. (2010). The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: review of the current findings. Vascular health and risk management, (2010). 691-699.‏ https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S5306

[22] Karami S, Ramezani A.(2016) Adaptation in Response of Excitation and Inhibition Factors of Angiogenesis after 4 Weeks of Progressive Resistant Training in Sedentary Men. Intern Med Today; 22 (4) :267-274. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.hms.22.4.267

[23] Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R., Moeinnia, N., & Motahari Rad, M. (2017). The effect of two intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. Obesity Medicine, 5.‏ [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.004

[25] Mota MM, Mesquita TRR, da Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Santos SL, Capettini LdSA, et al. Endothelium adjustments to acute resistance exercise are intensity-dependent in healthy animals. Life sciences. 2015;142:86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.007

[26] Shekarchizadeh, P., Khazaei, M., Gharakhanlou, R., Karimian, J., & Safarzadeh, A. R. (2012). The Effects of Resistance Training on Plasma Angiogenic Factors in Normal Rats. Journal of isfahan medical school, 30(176).‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.24040

[27] Mahrou, M., Gaeini, A. A., Chobbineh, S., & Javidi, M. (2015). Changes in stimulating factors of angiogenesis, induced by progressive resistance training in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 14(1), 1-8.‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v12i2.4049

[28] Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50–60 years. British journal of sports medicine. 2008;42(2):126-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.035188

[29] Ohno H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Sumitani Y, Sato S, et al. Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2012;1(1):5-16. https://doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.1.5

[30] Husain K. Physical conditioning modulates rat cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in nitric oxide-deficient hypertension. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2004;320(4):1169-74. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.058

[31] Zheng W, Christensen LP, Tomanek RJ. Stretch induces upregulation of key tyrosine kinase receptors in microvascular endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2004;287(6):H2739-H45. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00410.2004

[33]Martínez A. A new family of angiogenic factors. Cancer letters. 2006;236(2):157-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.008

[35] Seida A, Wada J, Kunitomi M, Tsuchiyama Y, Miyatake N, Fujii M, et al. Serum bFGF levels are reduced in Japanese overweight men and restored by a 6-month exercise education. International journal of obesity. 2003;27(11):1325-31. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802408

[36] Bilusic M, Wong YN. Anti-angiogenesis in prostate cancer: knocked down but not out. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014;16(3):372-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682x.125903

Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97
September 2023
Pages 5-17

The effect of 8 weeks of discontinuous aerobic exercise on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin in male rats with coronary artery disease

References

References

[1]Townsend N, Wilson L, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Rayner M, Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. European heart journal. 2016:ehw334. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334

[2]Salehi Z, Salehi K, Moeini M, Kargarfard M, Sadeghi M. The effect of resistance exercise on lipid profile of coronary artery disease patients: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2017;22(2):112. [In Persain]https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_385_14

[3]Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341(9):650-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410904

[4]Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Sports medicine. 2001:31(2);101-14. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131020-00003

[5]Helgason CM, Wolf PA. American Heart Association Prevention Conference IV: prevention and rehabilitation of stroke. Circulation. 1997;96(2):701-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.96.2.701 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.007

[6]Tang K, Xia FC, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Exercise-induced VEGF transcriptional activation in brain, lung and skeletal muscle. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 2010;170(1):16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.007

[8] Huber-Abel FA, Gerber M, Hoppeler H, Baum O. Exercise-induced angiogenesis correlates with the up-regulated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in human skeletal muscle. European journal of applied physiology. 2012;112(1):155-62.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1960-x

[9] Gavin T, Drew J, Kubik C, Pofahl W, Hickner R. Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression. Acta physiologica. 2007;191(2):139-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01723.x

[10] Tolouei Azar J, Ravasi A, Soori R, Akbarnejad A, Hemati Nafar M. The Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Training on Angiogenesis (VEGF) and Angiostatic (ES) Factors In Sedentary Women. Urmia Medical Journal 2017;27(12):1032-40. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.umj.27.12.1032

[11] Shakoor E, Qassemian A, Koushkie Jahromi M, Mehrez A. Effects of 8-week Aerobic Exercise Training on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor among Postmenopausal Women. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2017;5(4):64-73. [In Persain]

[13] Nourshahi, M., Hedayati, M., Nemati, J., Ranjbar, K., & Gholamali, M. (2012). Effect of 8 weeks endurance training on serum vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in wistar rats. Koomesh, 13(4). [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2011.08.008

[14] Star, G., Giovinazzo, M., & Langleben, D. (2013). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the control of endothelin-1 synthesis by human lung microvascular endothelial cells: A possible pathway for pathogenesis. Life Sciences, 25(93), e44.‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.154

[16] Rankin A, Rankin A, MacIntyre P, Hillis W. Walk or run? Is high-intensity exercise more effective than moderate-intensity exercise at reducing cardiovascular risk? Scottish medical journal. 2012;57(2):99-102. https://doi.org/10.1258/smj.2011.011284

[17] Tabara Y, Yuasa T, Oshiumi A, Kobayashi T, Miyawaki Y, Miki T, et al. Effect of acute and long-term aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in the elderly. Hypertension Research. 2007;30(10):895-902. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.895

[18] Ogura Y, Naito H, Kurosaka M, Sugiura T, Junichiro A, Katamoto S. Sprint-interval training induces heat shock protein 72 in rat skeletal muscles. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2006;5(2):194. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-03156

[19] Elliott AD, Rajopadhyaya K, Bentley DJ, Beltrame JF, Aromataris EC. Interval training versus continuous exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2015;24(2):149-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2014.09.001

[21] Daubert, M. A., & Jeremias, A. (2010). The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: review of the current findings. Vascular health and risk management, (2010). 691-699.‏ https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S5306

[22] Karami S, Ramezani A.(2016) Adaptation in Response of Excitation and Inhibition Factors of Angiogenesis after 4 Weeks of Progressive Resistant Training in Sedentary Men. Intern Med Today; 22 (4) :267-274. [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.hms.22.4.267

[23] Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R., Moeinnia, N., & Motahari Rad, M. (2017). The effect of two intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. Obesity Medicine, 5.‏ [In Persain] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.004

[25] Mota MM, Mesquita TRR, da Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Santos SL, Capettini LdSA, et al. Endothelium adjustments to acute resistance exercise are intensity-dependent in healthy animals. Life sciences. 2015;142:86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.007

[26] Shekarchizadeh, P., Khazaei, M., Gharakhanlou, R., Karimian, J., & Safarzadeh, A. R. (2012). The Effects of Resistance Training on Plasma Angiogenic Factors in Normal Rats. Journal of isfahan medical school, 30(176).‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.24040

[27] Mahrou, M., Gaeini, A. A., Chobbineh, S., & Javidi, M. (2015). Changes in stimulating factors of angiogenesis, induced by progressive resistance training in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 14(1), 1-8.‏ [In Persain]. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v12i2.4049

[28] Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50–60 years. British journal of sports medicine. 2008;42(2):126-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.035188

[29] Ohno H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Sumitani Y, Sato S, et al. Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2012;1(1):5-16. https://doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.1.5

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Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97September 2023Pages 5-17

Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 97
September 2023
Pages 5-17