Journal of Sport Biosciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Editorial Policies

Open Access Policy

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

Peer Review Process

News

Journal Metrics

Social Networks

Guide for Authors

Forms

Reviewers

Publons Membership and Review Guide

The Effect of 12 Weeks of Cognitive Motor Integrated Exercises on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the Elderly with Dementia

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 PhD Student in Exercise Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

4 PhD in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

 
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive motor integrated exercises on BDNF in the elderly with dementia. For this purpose, 24 male elderly with dementia (12 experimental and 12 control (were selected as the statistical sample. The program consisted of 12 weeks of (3 sessions per week, 45 minutes per session (cognitive motor exercises according to the guidelines of American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Before and after the exercise protocol, BDNF and cognitive and functional tests were evaluated. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for data analysis. The results showed that 12 weeks of cognitive motor protocol increased BDNF (P=0.001) and improved the results of functional reach test (P=0.005), timed up and go test (P=0.001), Berg balance scale (P=0.001) and mini–mental state examination (P=0.015) in the active group. In general, these findings showed that motor integrated exercise in the elderly with dementia increased BNDF levels. These findings clinically confirm the importance of physical fitness as a factor which prevents dementia in the future. Also, this type of activity is a beneficial training method to maintain motor function and to reduce the rate of mental functioning in the elderly.

Keywords

References
  1. Baker, L.D., Frank, L.L., Foster-Schubert, K., et al. (2010). “Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease”. J Alzheimers Dis, 22: PP: 569-79.
  2. Barry, E., Galvin, R., Keogh, C., et al. (2014). “Is the Timed Up and Go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. BMC Geriatr, 14: PP: 14.
  3. Berger, L., Bernard-Demanze, L. (2011). “Age-related effects of a memorizing spatial task in the adults and elderly postural control”. Gait & Posture, 33 (2): PP: 300-2.
  4. Berry, A., Bindocci, E. and Alleva, E. (2012). "NGF, brain and behavioral plasticity". Neural plasticity, 2012: PP: 1-9.
  5. Castro-Costa, E., Fuzikawa, C., Uchoa, E., et al. (2008). “Norms for the mini-mental state examination: adjustment of the cut-off point in population-based studies (evidences from the Bambuí health aging study)”. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 66(3A): PP: 524-8.
  6. Choi, S.W., Bhang, S., Ahn, J.H. (2011). “Diurnal variation and gender differences of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy human subjects”. Psychiatry Res, 30; 186(2-3): PP: 427-30.
  7. Coelho FvGd ,M., Gobbi, S., Andreatto, C.A.A., et al. (2013). “Physical exercise modulates peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): A systematic review ofexperimental studies in the elderly”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,56(1): PP:10-5.
  8. Cotman, C.W., Berchtold, N.C., Christie, L.A. (2007). “Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation”. Trends Neurosci, 30: PP: 464–72.
  9. Cromwell, R.L., Meyers, P.M., Meyers, P.E., et al. (2007). “Tae Kwon Do: an effective exercise for improving balance and walking ability in older adults”. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 62(6): PP: 641-6.
  10. Currie, J., Ramsbottom, R., Ludlow, H., et al. (2009). “Cardio-respiratory fitness, habitual physical activity and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women”. Neurosci Lett, 20; 451(2): PP: 152-5.
  11. Dadgari, A., Aizan Hamid, T., Hakim, M.N., et al.  (2016). “Randomized Control Trials on Otago Exercise Program (OEP) to reduce falls among elderly community dwellers in Shahroud, Iran”. Iran Red Crescent Med J, 18(5): PP: e26340.
  12. Davis, R.N., Massman, P.J., Doody, R.S. (2001). “Cognitive Intervention in Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled study”. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders,15(1): PP: 1-9.
  13. Erickson, K.I., Voss, M.W., Prakash, R.S., et al. (2011). “Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108(7): PP: 3017-22.
  14. Fabel, K., Kempermann, G. (2008).“Physical activity and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult and aging brain”. Neuromolecular Med,10(2): PP: 59-66.
  15. Gobbo, S., Bergamin, M., Sieverdes, J.C., et al. (2014). “Effects of exercise on dual-task ability and balance in older adults: A systematic review”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 58(2): PP: 177-87.
  16. Goekint, M., Pauw, K., Roelands, B., et al. (2010). “Strength training does not influence serum brain – derived neurotrophic factor”. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110, PP: 285-93.
  17. Gold, S.M., Schulz, K.H., Hartmann, S., et al. (2003). “Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple sclerosis and controls”. J Neuroimmunol, 138: PP: 99-105.
  18. Gómez-Pinilla, F., Ying, Z., Opazo, P., et al. “Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT-3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle”. Eur J Neurosci,13(6): PP: 1078-84.
  19. Jiao, S.S., Shen, L.L., Zhu, C., et al. (2016). “Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against tau-related neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease”. Transl Psychiatry ,4;6(10):PP: e907.
  20. Kaesler, D.S., Mellifont, R.R., Kelly, P.S., Taaffe, D.R. (2007). “Novel balance exercise program for postural stability in older adults: A pilot study”. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11(1): PP: 37-43.
  21. Kim, M.K.  (2016). “The effects of trunk stabilization exercise using a Swiss ball in the absence of visual stimulus on balance in the elderly”. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(7):PP: 2144-7.
  22. Labban, J.D., Etnier, J.L. (2011). “Effects of acute exercise on long-term memory”. Preventive Medicine, 52: PP: 70-74.
  23. Langdon, K.D., Corbett, D. (2012). “Improved working memory following novel combinations of physical and cognitive activity”. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 26(5): PP: 523-32.
  24. Legters, K. (2002). “Fear of falling”. Phys Ther, 82(3): PP: 2672-4.
  25. Lim, K.C., Lim, S.T., Federoff, H.J. (2003). “Neurotrophin secretory pathways and synaptic plasticity”. Neurobiology of Aging, 24: PP: 1135–45.
  26. Lu, B. (2012). “BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation”. (2012). “Learning & Memory, 10(2): PP: 86-98.
  27. Meek, S., Murrell, S.A.  (2001).”Contribution of education to health and life satisfaction in older adults mediated by negative affect”. J Ageing Health, 13(1): PP: 92-119.
  28. Mohair, M., Nezakatalhossaini, M., Esfarjani, F. (2013). “The effect of 12-week pilates exercises on depression and balance associated with falling in the elderly”. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70: PP: 1714 –23.
  29. Mooren, F. (2005). “Molecular and cellular exercise physiology. Human Kinetics.
  30. Muir, S.W., Berg, K., Chesworth, B., Speechley, M. (2008). “Use of the Berg Balance Scale for predicting multiple falls in community-dwelling elderly people: a prospective study”. Phys Ther, 88(4): PP: 449-59.
  31. Nascimento, C.M., Pereira, J.R., Pires de Andrade, L., et al. (2015). “Physical exercise improves peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment elderly with different BDNF Val66Met genotypes”. J Alzheimers Dis, 43: PP: 81-91.
  32. Netz, Y., Wu, M.J., Becker, B.J., et al. (2005). “Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: a meta-analysis of intervention studies”. Psychology and Aging, 20(2): PP: 272-84.
  33. Nichols, B., Takeda, S., Yokota, T. (2015). “Nonmechanical roles of dystrophin and associated proteins in exercise, neuromuscular junctions, and brains”. Brain Sci, 29;5(3): PP: 275-98.
  34. Nitz, J., Choy, N. (2004). “The efficacy of a specific balance-strategy training programme for preventing falls among older people: a pilot randomized controlled trial”. Age and Ageing, 33: PP: 52-8.
  35. Parnow, A., Hosseini, S.A., Karimi, I. (2015). “Effect of resistance training on plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor of rats”. Journal of Knowledge & Health,10(3):PP: 9-15.
  36. Ramsbottom, R., Currie, J., Gilder, M. (2010). “Relationships between components of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiac autonomic health, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor”. J spo sci, 28: PP: 843-9.
  37. Rasmussen, P., Brassard, P., Adser, H., et al. (2009). “Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise”. Exp Physiol, 94(10): PP: 1062-9.
  38. Rubenstein, L.Z., Josephson, K.R. (2002). “The epidemiology of falls and syncope”. Clin Geriatr Med, 18(2): PP: 141-58.
  39. Scena, S., Steindler, R., Ceci, M., et al. (2016). “Computerized functional reach test to measure balance stability in elderly patients with neurological disorders”. J Clin Med Res, 8(10):PP: 715-20
  40. Schiffer, T., Schulte, S., Hollmann, W., et al. (2009). “Effects of strength and endurance training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 in humans”. Hormone and Metab Res, 41: PP: 250-4.
  41. Schoene, D., Lord, S.R., Delbaere, K., et al. (2013). “A randomized controlled pilot study of home-based step training in older people using videogame technology”. PLoS One, 8(3): PP: e57734.
  42. Seifert, T., Brassard, P., Wissenberg, M., et al. (2010). “Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain”. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Phys, 298: PP: 372-7.
  43. Shumway-cook, A, Woollacott, M. (2007). “Motor control”. Third edition. New York. Lippincott Williams & Wilkin, PP: 157-257.
  44. Silsupadol, P., Shumway-Cook, A., Lugade, V., et al. (2009). “Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(3):PP: 381-7.
  45. Siu, C.K., Chou, S.L., Woollacott, H.M. (2009). “Attentional mechanisms contributing to balance constraints during gait: The effects of balance impairments”. Brain Res, 1248: PP: 59-67.
  46. Siu, K.C., Woollacott, M.H. (2007). “Attentional demands of postural control: The ability to selectively allocate information-processing resources”. Gait & Posture, 25(1): PP: 121-6.
  47. Skledar, M., Nikolac, M., Dodig-Curkovic, K., et al. (2012). “Association between brain derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and obesity in children and adolescents”. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 10; 36(1): PP: 136-40.
  48. Smee, D.J., Berry, H.L., Waddington, G., Anson, J. (2016). “Association between Berg Balance, physiological profile assessment and physical activity, physical function and body composition: a cross-sectional study”. J Frailty Aging, 5(1): PP: 20-6.
  49. Stuss, D.T., Levine, B. (2002). “Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes”. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1): PP: 401-33.
  50. Swift, D.L., Johannsen, N.M., Myers, V.H., et al. (2012). “The effect of exercise training modality on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes”. Plos One, 7: PP: e42785.
  51. Tapia-Arancibia, L., Rage, F., Givalois, L., et al. (2004). “Physiology of BDNF: focus on hypothalamic function”. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 25(2): PP: 77-107.
  52. Trzepacz, P.T., Hochstetler, H., Wang, S., et al. (2015). “Relationship between the montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination for assessment of mild cognitive impairment in older adults”.BMC Geriatr, 15: PP: 107.
  53. Twiss, J. L. Chang, J. H., and Schanen, N. C. (2006). “Pathophysiological mechanisms for actions of the neurotrophins”. Brai Pathology, 16 (4): PP: 320-2.
  54. Wrann, C.D., White, J.P., Salogiannnis J, et al. (2013). “Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway”. Cell Metab, 5; 18(5): PP: 649-59.
  55. Zoladz, J. A., and Pilc, A. (2010). “The effect of physical activity on the brain derived neurotrophic factor: from animal to human studies”. Journal of physiology and pharmacology: an official journal of the Polish physiological society, 61 (5): PP: 533-41.
Journal of Sport Biosciences
Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
September 2017
Pages 223-241
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 22 October 2016
  • Revise Date: 23 August 2017
  • Accept Date: 11 March 2017
Share
How to cite
Statistics