Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license

Authors

1 MSc Student, Exercise Physiology, University of Boali Sina.

2 . MSc, Exercise Physiology. University of Boali Sina

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two types of resistance training on triceps brachial thickness and its connection with maximum strength. The statistical sample included 30 novice bodybuilders who were divided into three groups (each group 10 subjects): experimental group I (pyramidal training), experimental group II (flat pyramidal training)and control group. Both experimental groups took part in protocols of strength training (split method) for eight weeks and six sessions every week. The subjects of control group had their traditional training. The muscle strength and the triceps brachial thickness in three groups were measured before and after the training period. Paired-sample t test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine intergroup differences (P≤0.05) and Pearson correlation coefficient was applied determine the relationships of variables. The observations showed that the anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of the triceps brachial in both experimental groups increased (P<0.01) and (P<0.05) respectively compared with the control group. Also, muscle strength in extension move in both experimental groups increased (P<0.00) and (P<0.04) respectively in comparison with the control group. But, no significant differences were observed between the two experimental groups (I and II) in strength and size of triceps brachial.

Keywords

  1. حسینو، فراس؛ محبی حمید؛ رحمانی­نیا، فرهاد؛ دمیرچی، ارسلان (1391). «مقایسۀ اثر تمرین مقاومتی با الگوی هرمی مسطح و دوگانه بر برخی از شاخص‌های آمادگی جسمانی و پیکرسنجی در بازیکنان جوان نخبۀ فوتبال»، 73- نشریة سوخت‌وساز و فعالیت ورزشی، ج 2، ش 1، ص 82 - 73.
  2. دهقان منشادی، فریده؛ پرنیان‌پور، محمد؛ صرافزاده، جواد؛ کاظم‌نژاد، انوشیروان (1388). «بررسی تأثیر مانور تو دادن شکم بر ضخامت عضلات دیوارۀ طرفی شکم»، مجلۀ پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، سال چهارم، ش 5، پی درپی 71، ص 239 – 233.

3. Aagaard P, Andersen JL, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Leffers AM, Wagner A, Magnusson SP,
Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Simonsen EB. (2001). A mechanism for increased contractile
strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle
architecture. J Physiol;534 (2):613-23.
4. Andersen JL, Aagaard P. (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal
muscle. Muscle Nerve;23 (7):1095-104.
5. Anthomy J. Blazevich and Anthom Giorgi. (2001). Effect of testosterone administration
and weight training on muscle architecture. SOURCE: Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise 3 (10): 1688 - 93.
6. Bickel, CS, Slade, J, Mahoney, E, Haddad, F, Dudley, GA, and Adams, GR. ( 2005).
Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance
exercise. J Appl Physiol, 98 (2): 482– 488.
7. Bompa. Tudor o. (2005). periodization training for sport. 2rd ed Human kinetic. PP;171-
187.
8. Bompa. Tudor o. (2003). scrious strength training. 3rd ed. Human kinetic. PP; 27-285.
9. Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, Reggiani C. (1996). Force-velocity properties
of human skeletal muscle fibres: myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature
dependence. J Physiol;495(2) :573-86.
10. Brad J. Schoenfeldthe. (2010). Mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application
to resistance training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24(10)/2857–2872.
11. Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength testing - predicting a one-rep max from reps to fatigue.
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 68 (1): 88-90
12. Elmer G. Pinzon, MD, MPH and Randy E. Moore, DC, Rdms. (2009). Muscular skeletal
ultrasound. Practical PAIN MANAGEMENT. 4(8); 34-43.
13. H. Degens, R.M. Erskine, C.I. Morse. (2009). Disproportionate changes in skeletal muscle
strength an size with resistance training and ageing. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact;
9(3):123-129.
14. Häkkinen K, Kallinen M, Izquierdo M et al. (1998). Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG,
muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people. Journal
of Applied Physiology; 84(4) :1341–1349
15. GIoRGI. A.. R. P. WEATHERBY. and P. W. MtRPHY,( 1999); Muscular strength. body
composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: J. Sci. Med. Sport.
2 (8): 325-339
16. Jonathan P. Folland1 and Alun G. Williams. (2007). The Adaptations to Strength
Training, Morphological and Neurological Contributions to Increased Strength. REVIEW
ARTICLE, Sports Med; 37 (2): 145-168.
17. Kraemer, WJ, Ha¨kkinen, K, Newton, RU, Nindl, BC, Volek, JS, McCormick, M,
Gotshalk, LA,Gordon, SE, Fleck, SJ, Campbell,WW, Putukian, M, and Evans, WJ.
(1999). Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs.
older men. J Appl Physiol 87(3): 982–992,.
18. Lee JB, Matsumoto T, Othman T et al. (1999). Captivation of the flexor muscles as a
synergist with the extensors during ballistic finger extension movement in trained kendo
and karate athletes. International Journal of Sport Medicine 20(1):7–11.
19. Mac Dougall JD, Sale DG, Elder GCB et al. (1984). Muscle fiber number in biceps
brachii in bodybuilders and control subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology 57(5):1399 -
403.
20. Mayhew JL, Prinster JL, Ware JS, et al.( 1995); Muscular endurance repetitions to predict
bench press strength in men of different training levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 35(2):
108–13.
21. Paul, AC and Rosenthal, N. (2002). Different modes of hypertrophy in skeletal muscle
fibers. J Cell Biol ; 156(5): 751–760.
22. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. (2004). In vivo human muscle structure and
function: adaptations to resistance training in old age. Exp Physiol; 89(6): 675-89.
23. Rooney, K.J., Herbert, R.D., Balnave, R.J. (1994). Fatigue contributes to the strength
training stimulus. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26(9):1160–4.
24. Seynnes OR, de Boer M, Narici MV. (2007). Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and
architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training. J Appl
Physiol;102(1): 368-73.
25. Siff, M.C. (2003). Supertraining, 6th Edition. Supertraining Institute. Denver, CO. pp;
106-107.
26. Sigrid Pillen. (2010). Skeletal muscle ultrasound. European Journal Translational
Myology; 1 (4): 145-155
27. Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC,
Hikida RS. (1994). Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance
training in men and women. J Appl Physiol;76(3):1247-55.
28. Stephen Ingham BSc PhD. (2006). advance in sport and ezercies science series. The
Physiology of Training; First published; Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved; PP, 136-
161.
29. Suetta C, Andersen JL, Dalgas U, Berget J, Koskinen S, Aagaard P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer
M. (2008). Resistance training induces qualitative changes in muscle morphology, muscle
architecture, and muscle function in elderly postoperative patients. J Appl
Physiol;105(1):180-6.
30. Teyhen DS, Gill NW, Whittaker JL, Henry SH, Hides JA, Hodges PW, (2007);
Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the abdominal muscles. J orthop sports phys ther;
37(8); 450 – 66.
31. Toigo, M and Boutellier, U. (2006). New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of
molecular and cellular muscle adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 97(6): 643–663.
32. Weider, J., & Reynolds, B. (1989). Joe Weider’s Ultimate Bodybuilding - The Master
Blaster’s Principles of Training and Nutrition. Chicago, Illinois: Contemporary Books
Inc. PP;126-27.
33. Young A, Stokes M, Round JM, Edwards RH. (1983) . The effect of high-resistance
training on the strength and cross-sectional area of the human quadriceps. Eur J Clin
Invest;13(5): 411-7.