Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine on recovery in 2000-m rowing ergometer performance. Nine elite male rowers (age18.3 ± 1.1 year, height 185.7 ± 7.1 cm, weight 77.9 ± 8.6 kg, and body fat 8.4 ± 1.5 %) in three different trials consumed 3mg.kg-1, 6mg.kg-1of caffeine and placebo, in random order after performing 2000m ergo rowing and repeated the same trial 24hours later. There were no significant differences among the two caffeine doses and placebo in stroke rate, power, and time. Also the Values of ∆ blood lactate concentration in three treatments did not show significant differences. Creatine Kinase levels did not show significant difference in three treatments (placebo: 873.3±210.7 U.l-1, 3mg: 905.9±191.2 U.l-1, and 6mg: 933.6±228.5 U.l-1). Individual evaluation showed worse time in 5 athletes and better time in 4 athletes for 6mg.kg-1 ingestion compared to Placebo. Also 2 athletes were better and 7 of them were worse after ingesting 3mg.kg-1. It was concluded that caffeine ingestion had no effect on recovery (according to observeing no differences between CK and LT levels and performance in different ingestions) between training or trials for 2000m ergo rowing under the conditions of this study
Keywords
1. Anderson, M.E., Bruce, C.R., Fraser, S.F., Stepto, N.K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W.G.,
&Hawley, JA. (2000). Improved 2000- meter rowing performance in competitive
oarswomen after caffeine ingestion. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 10(4), 464-75.
2. Astrino, T.A., Cotrell, T., Lozano, A.T., Aburto-Pratt, K., &Duhon, J. (2012). Increases in
cycling performance in response to caffeine ingestion are repeatable. Nutrition Research,
32, 78–84.
3. Baird, M.F., Graham, S.M., Baker, J.S., & Bickerstaff, G.F. (2012). Creatine-kinase- and
exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J Nutr
Metab, 2012, 1-13.
4. Bassini‐Cameron, A., Sweet, E., Bottino, A., Bittar, C., Veiga, C., & Cameron, L.
(2007). Effect of caffeine supplementation on haematological and biochemical variables
in elite soccer players under physical stress conditions.Br J Sports Med, 41(8): 523–30.
5. Bell, D. G., &McLellan, T.M. (2002). Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine
ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J ApplPhysiol, 93, 1227–34.
6. Bishop, P.A., Jones, E., & Woods, A.K. (2008). Recovery from training: A brief review. J
Strength Cond Res, 22 (3), 1-10.
7. Bourdon, P.C., David, A.Z., & Buckley, J.D. (2009). A single exercise test for assessing
physiological and performance parameters in elite rowers: the 2-in-1 test. J Sci Med
Sport, 12(1), 205-11.
8. Bridge, C.A., & Jones, M.A. (2006). The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8 km run
performance in a field setting. J Sports Sci, 24(4), 433-39.
9. Bruce, C. R., Anderson, M.E,. Fraser, S.F,.Stepto, N.K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W.G., &
Hawley, J.A. (2000). Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine
ingestion.MedSci Sports Exerc, 32(11), 1958-63.
10. Carreira, J.M. (2012). Motivational orientations and psychological needs in EFL learning
among elementary school students in Japan. System, 40(2), 191-202.
11. Cole, K.J., Costill, R.D., Starling, B.H., Goodpaster, S.W., Trappe, W., & Fink, W.J.
(1996). Effect of caffeine ingestion on perception of effort and subsequent work
production. Int J Sport Nut, 6, 14-23.
12. Doherty, M,. Smith, P.M., & Hughes, M.G. (2004). Caffeine lowers perceptual response
and increases power output during high-intensity cycling. J Sport Sci, 22, 637–43.
13. Doherty, M., & Smith, P.M. (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived
exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 15, 69–78.
14. Engles, H.J., Kolokouri, I., Cieslak, T.J., & Wirth, J.C. (2001). Effects of ginseng
supplementation on supra-maximal exercise performance and short-term recovery. J
Strength Cond Res, 15, 290-95.
15. Enoka, R.M. (1995). Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue: Central Factors and Task
Dependency. J Hecr romyogr Kinesiol, 5 (3), 141-49.
16. Farrell, P.A., Joyner, M.J., &Ciaozzo, V.J. (2012). ACSM's Advanced Exercise
Physiology. American Colledge of Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, 241-44.
17. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1991). Performance and metabolic responses to a high
caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J ApplPhysiol, 71(6), 2292-98.
18. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1996). Caffeine and exercise performance. Sports Sci Exch,
9 (1), 67-76.
19. Hakkinen, K. (1993). Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in male and female athletes
during heavy resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med, 14, 53-59.
20. Ivy, J.L., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J. & Lower, R.W. (1979). Influence of caffeine and
carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med and Sci in Sports, 11(1), 6-11.
21. Jackman, M., Wendling, P., Friars, D., & Graham, T.E. (1996). Metabolic,
Catecholamine, and endurance responses to caffeine during intense exercise. J
ApplPhysiol, 81, 1658-63.
22. Jarek, M., Jaak, J., &Toivo, J. (2005). Monitoring of Performance and Training in
Rowing. J Sports Med, 35(7), 597-617.
23. Jurimae, J., Purge, P., Maestu, J., &Jurimae, T. (2002). Physiological responses to
successive days of intense training in competitive rowers. Hungarian Rev Sports Med,
43(1), 11–19.
24. Kabbara, A.A,.& Allen, D.G. (1999). The role of calcium stores in fatigue of isolated
single muscle fibers from the cane toad. J Physiology, 519.1, 169-176.
25. Kallus, K. W., & Kellmann, M. (2000). Burnout in athletes and coaches. In Y. L. Hanin
(Ed.), Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 209-30.
26. Kentta, G., & Hassmen, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery. Sports Med, 26, 1–16.
27. Lannergren, J., & Westerblad, H. (1989). Maximum tension and force-velocity properties
of fatigued, single Xenopus muscle fibers studied by caffeine and high K+. J Physiology,
409, 473-90.
28. Lindinger, M.I. (1995). Potassium regulation during exercise and recovery in humans:
Implications for skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 27, 1011-22.
29.Machado, M,,Breder, A,C., Ximenes, M.C., Simões, J.R., & Vigo, J.F. Br J Pharmac Sci,
45(2), 257-61.
30. Maughan, R.J., Depiesse, F., & Geyer, H. (2007). The use of dietary supplements by
athletes. J Sports Sci, 25(l), 103–13.
31. McLester, J.R., Bishop, P.A., Smith, J., Wyers, L., Dale, B., Kozusco, J., Richardson, M.,
Nevett, M.E., & Lomax, R.A. (2003). Series of studies- A practical protocol for testing
muscular endurance recovery. J Strength Cond Res, 17(2), 259-73.
32. Pederson, D.J., Lessard, S.J., Coffey, V.G., Churchley, E.G., Wootan, A.M., They, N.G.,
Watt, M.J., & Hawley, J.A. (2008). High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after
exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol, 105,
7-13.
33. Pettersson, J., Hindorf, U., Persson, P., Bengtsson, T., Malmqvist, U., Werkström, V.,
&Ekelund, M. (2007). Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function
tests in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 65, 253–59.
34. Pripstein, L., Rhodes, E., & McKenzie, D. (1999). Aerobic and anaerobic energy during a
2-km race simulation in female rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol, 79, 491-94.
35. Rousseau, E., Ladine, J., Lui, Q. and Meissner, G. (1988). Activation of the Ca2+ release
channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum by caffeine and related compounds.
Arch Biochem & Biophys, 267, 75-86.
36. Santos, V.C., Ruiz, R.J., Vettorato, E.D., Nakamura, F.Y., Juliani, L.C., Polito, M.D.,
Siqueira, C.M., & Ramos, S.P. (2011). Effects of chronic caffeine intake and low intensity
exercise on skeletal muscle of wistar rats. Exp Physiol ;96(11): 1228-38.
37. Sawka, M.N., Burke, L.M., Eichner, E.R., Maughan, R.J., Montain, S.J., &Stachenfeld,
N. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid
replacement. Medicine & Sci in Sports & Exer, 39, 377–90.
38. Schabort, E.J., Hawley, J.A., Hopkins, W.G., & Blum, H. (1999). High reliability of
performance of well-trained rowers on a rowing ergometer. J Sports Sci, 17(8), 627-32.
39. Skinner, T.L., Jenkins, D.A., Coombes, J.F., Taaffe, D.R., &Leverith, M.D. (2010). Dose
Response of Caffeine on 2000-m Rowing Performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 42(3), 571-76.
40. Vazou, S., Ntoumanis, N., &Duda, J.L. (2006). Predicting young athletes' motivational
indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach- and peer-created climate. Psychol
Sport & Exer, 7(2), 215-33.
41. Westerblad, H., Allen, D.G., & Lannergren, D. (2002). Muscle Fatigue: Lactic Acid or
Inorganic Phosphate the Major Cause? J Physiology, 17, 17-21.
42. Williams, M.B., Raven, P.B., Fogt, D.L., & Ivy, J.L. (2003). Effects of recovery
beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance. J Strength Cond
Res, 17(1), 12–19.
&Hawley, JA. (2000). Improved 2000- meter rowing performance in competitive
oarswomen after caffeine ingestion. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 10(4), 464-75.
2. Astrino, T.A., Cotrell, T., Lozano, A.T., Aburto-Pratt, K., &Duhon, J. (2012). Increases in
cycling performance in response to caffeine ingestion are repeatable. Nutrition Research,
32, 78–84.
3. Baird, M.F., Graham, S.M., Baker, J.S., & Bickerstaff, G.F. (2012). Creatine-kinase- and
exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J Nutr
Metab, 2012, 1-13.
4. Bassini‐Cameron, A., Sweet, E., Bottino, A., Bittar, C., Veiga, C., & Cameron, L.
(2007). Effect of caffeine supplementation on haematological and biochemical variables
in elite soccer players under physical stress conditions.Br J Sports Med, 41(8): 523–30.
5. Bell, D. G., &McLellan, T.M. (2002). Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine
ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J ApplPhysiol, 93, 1227–34.
6. Bishop, P.A., Jones, E., & Woods, A.K. (2008). Recovery from training: A brief review. J
Strength Cond Res, 22 (3), 1-10.
7. Bourdon, P.C., David, A.Z., & Buckley, J.D. (2009). A single exercise test for assessing
physiological and performance parameters in elite rowers: the 2-in-1 test. J Sci Med
Sport, 12(1), 205-11.
8. Bridge, C.A., & Jones, M.A. (2006). The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8 km run
performance in a field setting. J Sports Sci, 24(4), 433-39.
9. Bruce, C. R., Anderson, M.E,. Fraser, S.F,.Stepto, N.K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W.G., &
Hawley, J.A. (2000). Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine
ingestion.MedSci Sports Exerc, 32(11), 1958-63.
10. Carreira, J.M. (2012). Motivational orientations and psychological needs in EFL learning
among elementary school students in Japan. System, 40(2), 191-202.
11. Cole, K.J., Costill, R.D., Starling, B.H., Goodpaster, S.W., Trappe, W., & Fink, W.J.
(1996). Effect of caffeine ingestion on perception of effort and subsequent work
production. Int J Sport Nut, 6, 14-23.
12. Doherty, M,. Smith, P.M., & Hughes, M.G. (2004). Caffeine lowers perceptual response
and increases power output during high-intensity cycling. J Sport Sci, 22, 637–43.
13. Doherty, M., & Smith, P.M. (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived
exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 15, 69–78.
14. Engles, H.J., Kolokouri, I., Cieslak, T.J., & Wirth, J.C. (2001). Effects of ginseng
supplementation on supra-maximal exercise performance and short-term recovery. J
Strength Cond Res, 15, 290-95.
15. Enoka, R.M. (1995). Mechanisms of Muscle Fatigue: Central Factors and Task
Dependency. J Hecr romyogr Kinesiol, 5 (3), 141-49.
16. Farrell, P.A., Joyner, M.J., &Ciaozzo, V.J. (2012). ACSM's Advanced Exercise
Physiology. American Colledge of Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, 241-44.
17. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1991). Performance and metabolic responses to a high
caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J ApplPhysiol, 71(6), 2292-98.
18. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1996). Caffeine and exercise performance. Sports Sci Exch,
9 (1), 67-76.
19. Hakkinen, K. (1993). Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in male and female athletes
during heavy resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med, 14, 53-59.
20. Ivy, J.L., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J. & Lower, R.W. (1979). Influence of caffeine and
carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med and Sci in Sports, 11(1), 6-11.
21. Jackman, M., Wendling, P., Friars, D., & Graham, T.E. (1996). Metabolic,
Catecholamine, and endurance responses to caffeine during intense exercise. J
ApplPhysiol, 81, 1658-63.
22. Jarek, M., Jaak, J., &Toivo, J. (2005). Monitoring of Performance and Training in
Rowing. J Sports Med, 35(7), 597-617.
23. Jurimae, J., Purge, P., Maestu, J., &Jurimae, T. (2002). Physiological responses to
successive days of intense training in competitive rowers. Hungarian Rev Sports Med,
43(1), 11–19.
24. Kabbara, A.A,.& Allen, D.G. (1999). The role of calcium stores in fatigue of isolated
single muscle fibers from the cane toad. J Physiology, 519.1, 169-176.
25. Kallus, K. W., & Kellmann, M. (2000). Burnout in athletes and coaches. In Y. L. Hanin
(Ed.), Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 209-30.
26. Kentta, G., & Hassmen, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery. Sports Med, 26, 1–16.
27. Lannergren, J., & Westerblad, H. (1989). Maximum tension and force-velocity properties
of fatigued, single Xenopus muscle fibers studied by caffeine and high K+. J Physiology,
409, 473-90.
28. Lindinger, M.I. (1995). Potassium regulation during exercise and recovery in humans:
Implications for skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 27, 1011-22.
29.Machado, M,,Breder, A,C., Ximenes, M.C., Simões, J.R., & Vigo, J.F. Br J Pharmac Sci,
45(2), 257-61.
30. Maughan, R.J., Depiesse, F., & Geyer, H. (2007). The use of dietary supplements by
athletes. J Sports Sci, 25(l), 103–13.
31. McLester, J.R., Bishop, P.A., Smith, J., Wyers, L., Dale, B., Kozusco, J., Richardson, M.,
Nevett, M.E., & Lomax, R.A. (2003). Series of studies- A practical protocol for testing
muscular endurance recovery. J Strength Cond Res, 17(2), 259-73.
32. Pederson, D.J., Lessard, S.J., Coffey, V.G., Churchley, E.G., Wootan, A.M., They, N.G.,
Watt, M.J., & Hawley, J.A. (2008). High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after
exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol, 105,
7-13.
33. Pettersson, J., Hindorf, U., Persson, P., Bengtsson, T., Malmqvist, U., Werkström, V.,
&Ekelund, M. (2007). Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function
tests in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 65, 253–59.
34. Pripstein, L., Rhodes, E., & McKenzie, D. (1999). Aerobic and anaerobic energy during a
2-km race simulation in female rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol, 79, 491-94.
35. Rousseau, E., Ladine, J., Lui, Q. and Meissner, G. (1988). Activation of the Ca2+ release
channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum by caffeine and related compounds.
Arch Biochem & Biophys, 267, 75-86.
36. Santos, V.C., Ruiz, R.J., Vettorato, E.D., Nakamura, F.Y., Juliani, L.C., Polito, M.D.,
Siqueira, C.M., & Ramos, S.P. (2011). Effects of chronic caffeine intake and low intensity
exercise on skeletal muscle of wistar rats. Exp Physiol ;96(11): 1228-38.
37. Sawka, M.N., Burke, L.M., Eichner, E.R., Maughan, R.J., Montain, S.J., &Stachenfeld,
N. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid
replacement. Medicine & Sci in Sports & Exer, 39, 377–90.
38. Schabort, E.J., Hawley, J.A., Hopkins, W.G., & Blum, H. (1999). High reliability of
performance of well-trained rowers on a rowing ergometer. J Sports Sci, 17(8), 627-32.
39. Skinner, T.L., Jenkins, D.A., Coombes, J.F., Taaffe, D.R., &Leverith, M.D. (2010). Dose
Response of Caffeine on 2000-m Rowing Performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 42(3), 571-76.
40. Vazou, S., Ntoumanis, N., &Duda, J.L. (2006). Predicting young athletes' motivational
indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach- and peer-created climate. Psychol
Sport & Exer, 7(2), 215-33.
41. Westerblad, H., Allen, D.G., & Lannergren, D. (2002). Muscle Fatigue: Lactic Acid or
Inorganic Phosphate the Major Cause? J Physiology, 17, 17-21.
42. Williams, M.B., Raven, P.B., Fogt, D.L., & Ivy, J.L. (2003). Effects of recovery
beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance. J Strength Cond
Res, 17(1), 12–19.
)