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Decreasing muscle mass is one of the detraining characteristics that associated with attenuated in muscle strength and muscle performance, and resulting in disability in performing of daily tasks. The purpose of the present study was to... more
Decreasing muscle mass is one of the detraining characteristics that associated with attenuated in muscle strength and muscle performance, and resulting in disability in performing of daily tasks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of decreased physical activity in the form of chronic constriction injury (CCI) on the Tweak and Fn14 proteins after resistance, endurance and combined exercises. 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1- Control group-CCI (Sham+CCI), 2- Mixed training group-CCI (Mix+CCI), 3- Endurance training group-CCI (TE+CCI), and 4- Resistance training group-CCI (LA+CCI). Mix+CCI, TE+CCI and CCI+SNL groups participated in training program for six weeks. After performing 6 weeks training, chronic constriction injury was implemented for four weeks. Western blotting technique was used to measure proteins. The results extracted by ANOVA and showed that Tweak and Fn14 proteins increased by CCI. The level of Tweak and Fn14 proteins in CCI+La and CCI+Mix groups and also CCI-TE group was significantly lower than Sham+CCI group (P <0.05). One the other hands, the level of Fn14 protein in CCI-LA compared with CCI-TE and CCI-MIX was not significant (P >0.05). According to the findings of the present study, it seems that mice that had resistance training in their training program experienced less atrophy than the group that did only endurance training.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum levels of salusins and lipid profile, insulin resistance, cardio-respiratory fitness, body composition and body fat percentage after a period of selected interval... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum levels of salusins and lipid profile, insulin resistance, cardio-respiratory fitness, body composition and body fat percentage after a period of selected interval training with different intensities in overweight/obese women. In this study, 40 sedentary women were divided into 3 homogeneous groups purposively: control (BMI=30.2±2.8 kg/m2, n=14), moderate-intensity interval training: 75-80% HRmax (BMI=31.2±3.3 kg/m2, n=13), and high-intensity interval training: 90-95% HRmax (BMI=30.19±3.4 kg/m2, n=13). The subjects of experimental groups participated in the interval training (pedaling) with different intensities for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. The research variables were measured under similar conditions. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to statistically analyze the data (P<0.05). The findings revealed significant positive relationships between salusin β levels and total cholesterol, salusin α and HDL and salusin α and cardio-respiratory fitness; there was a significant reverse relationship between salusin α and body fat percentage. It seems that interval training with different intensities can influence the improvement of cardio fitness and general health of obese individuals. Since there is a considerable relationship between the intensity of interval training and the improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness, insulin resistance and lipid profile, high-intensity interval training is recommended to improve well-being of this group of people.
Obesity is one of the most important public health challenges of the present century, which increases the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and decreases anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic agents. High intensity interval... more
Obesity is one of the most important public health challenges of the present century, which increases the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and decreases anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic agents. High intensity interval training may be able to stop or reverse these destructive effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training on inflammatory factors in overweight adolescent boys. In a quasi-experimental research project, from overweight adolescent boys (13-18 years old, mean height 154.33 cm, mean body mass index 27.05 kg/m2), 30 subjects were voluntarily assigned to 3 groups (10 subjects each group): short-term interval training (nine 30-second bouts, 100 to 110% of maximum speed with 150 seconds of rest), long-term (four 150-second bouts, 90 to 95% of maximum speed with 240 seconds of rest) and control. 48 hours before the beginning and the end of the training protocol, weight, height, body mass index and fat percentage were measured by a body composition apparatus and blood samples were collected to determine the interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and C-reactive protein indices. The results showed that 8 weeks of high intensity interval training increased interleukin-10 and decreased C-reactive protein. But it had no significant effect on interleukin-6. It was also found that there were no differences between short-term and long-term HIIT in influencing the desired indicators. Based on these findings, it can be said that overweight or obese adolescents may be able to use HIIT to boost their anti-inflammatory system by increasing interleukin-6 and decreasing C-reactive protein. But more studies are needed to determine the effect of this training on interleukin-6.
Resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) as a training strategy preventing joint and tissue injuries, increases anabolic hormones, hypertrophy and muscle strength. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the... more
Resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) as a training strategy preventing joint and tissue injuries, increases anabolic hormones, hypertrophy and muscle strength. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 sessions of rock climbing with BFR on testosterone, cortisol and their ratio in elite rock climbers. In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, 20 male rock climbers (weight: 64.55±4.69 kg, fat percentage: 15.30±8.50 and age: 26±2.6 years) were selected purposively and were randomly divided into two training groups (10 men each) with BFR and without BFR. The training protocol was 4 weeks and 3 sessions of rock climbing per week. Blood pressure was about 40 to 100 mm Hg. Fasting blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after training to determine testosterone and cortisol levels. Also, the strength of the dominant hand grip and climbing speed were measured. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t tests at P<0.05. Results showed that the testosterone (P=0.02), the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.03), hand grip strength (P=0.006) and climbing speed (P=0.03) increased significantly after rock climbing training compared with the period before the training. Also, cortisol did not change significantly in both groups after the training compared with the period before the training (P=0.54, P=0.85). It seems that rock climbing training with BFR increases anabolic hormones and it can be used to improve the performance of rock climbers.
Obesity contributes to disrupt balance between coagulation (increasing) and fibrinolysis (decreasing) factors and is effective in inducing thrombosis. Physical activities play a role in controlling the damages caused by obesity.... more
Obesity contributes to disrupt balance between coagulation (increasing) and fibrinolysis (decreasing) factors and is effective in inducing thrombosis. Physical activities play a role in controlling the damages caused by obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance training on PAI-1, fibrinogen, PT, PTT, t-PA, plasminogen and D-dimer. 30 sedentary women (age: 25-30 years, body mass index: 30 Kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic training, resistance training and control. Aerobic training was performed 3 sessions a week, 30-45 minutes each session with an intensity of 60-85% of maximum heart rate. Resistance training was performed based on 10RM, following the principle of overload for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and dependent t test (P<0.5). Aerobic training significantly increased tPA compared to control and resistance training groups (P=0.001). Both resistance and aerobic training significantly increased prothrombin time (PT), PAI-1, plasminogen and D-dimer (P=0.001) compared to the control group. Aerobic training significantly increased (P=0.001) and resistance training significantly decreased (P=0.003) fibrinogen compared to the control group. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) increased in the resistance training group (P=0.03) and decreased in aerobic training group (P=0.001) compared to the control group. Aerobic training has a better effect on important fibrinolysis factors including t-PA, while resistance training has a better control on some important coagulation variables including fibrinogen
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of DRP1, MFN2 and OPA1 in cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic male Wistar rats. Therefore, 20 rats (age: 10 weeks... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of DRP1, MFN2 and OPA1 in cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic male Wistar rats. Therefore, 20 rats (age: 10 weeks old and mean weight: 220±20 g) were divided randomly into 2 groups: diabetic control (n=10) and diabetic HIIT (n=10). The training protocol was performed for 12 weeks, 5 days a week with specific duration and intensity. 48 hours after the last training session, ventricular cardiac samples were obtained for further genetic experiments. Independent t test was used for data analysis (P≤0.05). The results showed no significant difference in MFN2 gene expression between diabetic control and diabetic HIIT groups (P=0.337). But 12 weeks of training significantly increased gene expression of DRP1 (P=0.001) and OPA1 (P=0.001) proteins in diabetic rats. It can be generally stated that HIIT may positively regulate gene expression of mitochondrial dynamics in diabetes.
This study aimed to compare high intensity interval training and continuous endurance training on the gene expression of mir-1 and IGF-1 in cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats. After induction of diabetes, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly... more
This study aimed to compare high intensity interval training and continuous endurance training on the gene expression of mir-1 and IGF-1 in cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats. After induction of diabetes, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (each group 7 subjects): control, continuous endurance training, high intensity interval training). The training program included 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Each endurance session consisted of 30 minutes of running with the intensity of 60% VO2max. Each interval session consisted of 4 intervals, each interval 3 minutes, with the intensity of 90% VO2max and 1 minute of recovery with the intensity of 30% VO2max between each two intervals. Gene expression of IGF-1 and mir-1 of left ventricle tissue was assessed by qRT PCR. The results showed that both types of training significantly reduced the gene expression of mir-1 compared to the control group, but this decline was severer in the high intensity interval group than the endurance group (P≥0.05). Also, the gene expression of IGF-1 significantly increased in both training groups compared to the control group but this increase was severer in high intensity interval group than the endurance group (P≥0.05). It seems that high intensity interval training can be an effective intervention to reduce the complications of diabetic cardiomyopathy by repression of mir-1.
ABCG8 is a cellular membrane transport protein that induces cholesterol efflux. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a period of cardiac rehabilitation on ABCG8 gene expression. 20 middle-aged men (50 to 60 years old)... more
ABCG8 is a cellular membrane transport protein that induces cholesterol efflux. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a period of cardiac rehabilitation on ABCG8 gene expression. 20 middle-aged men (50 to 60 years old) that experienced CABG, were assigned to two groups (control (n=10) and experimental (n=10)). Aerobic exercises were performed for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with the intensity of 11 to 13 (moderate intensity on the basis of Borg scale) under the control of a physician. Blood samples were collected after 12 to 14 hours of fasting 48 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. RTPCR method was used to examine the gene expression of ABCG8 in both groups. Analysis of data using independent t test showed that ABCG8 gene expression in PBMN cells increased and lipid profile improved in experimental group (P≤0.05). According to research findings, ABCG8 gene expression after cardiac rehabilitation in PBMN cells is one of the mechanisms related to reverse cholesterol transport that can affect the prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction after CABG.
some important Compatibility that occur with exercise is increase of the capillary density or angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have mitogen role for endothelial cells and consider an important intermediary... more
some important Compatibility that occur with exercise is increase of the capillary density or angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have mitogen role for endothelial cells and consider an important intermediary angiogenesis process. The purpose of this study was comparing the effect of two type of physical activity on response of serum VEGF-A in non-athlete men. For this aim 11 non-athletes male (mean %23/80 years) voluntarily chosen and performed progressive aerobic activity and high intensity interval exercise. Blood samples was taken before, immediately and 2 hours post of exercise. Paired T-test was used to compare data derived from two types of activities. Progressively Aerobic activity increased serum VEGF-A was administered immediately after perform (%31/44). Together, two hours after the performance level of VEGF-A levels continued to rise and increased the rest rate of (%59/90). Immediately after performed the high intensity interval exercise, serum levels of VEGF-A decreased (%10/74), but two hours later showed increase than the level rest of exercise (%13/20). Comparative studies between the two types of progressive aerobic exercise and high intensity interval exercise showed that no significant difference between these two types of activity in stimulate of the serum level VEGF-A in the before(P =0/108), immediately(P =0/339) and 2 hours post exercise(P=0/593). Based on the findings of this research, progressive aerobic activity and a single bout high intensity interval exercise as an angiogenesis factor VEGF-A serum measurements can affect them.
The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) in hypoxia and normoxia conduction on response of serum VEGF in inactive men. To this end, nine inactive young men (age 24.50±5 years,... more
The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) in hypoxia and normoxia conduction on response of serum VEGF in inactive men. To this end, nine inactive young men (age 24.50±5 years, height 174.22±4/6 cm, weight 70.75±4.5 kg and maximum word output (W max) in hypoxia conduction 185±29/04 and normoxia 200.00±31/8) were selected as subjects. Subjects performed protocol of high-intensity exercise in normobaric normoxia conduction (%15/3-15/5 O2 altitude of approximately 2500 m) and hypoxia in two separate weeks. Blood samples was taken immediately before and 2 hours after exercise. The ANOVA technique with repeated measures was used to analyze the data(P=0/452). Training interventions and a lot study are needed to determine angiogenesis in human body. Although high levels of VEGF after high-intensity exercise may be leading to increased angiogenesis. However, future studies are needed to determine the drivers and mechanisms that have been reported for new vascular growth in high-intensity exercise.
Mir-210 is pro-angiogenic micro-RNA in endothelial cells that improves angiogenesis process by suppressing (EphrinA3) and increasing the migration of some gene and protein targets (VEGF). In this study, 12 male rats (age: 8 weeks, mean... more
Mir-210 is pro-angiogenic micro-RNA in endothelial cells that improves angiogenesis process by suppressing (EphrinA3) and increasing the migration of some gene and protein targets (VEGF). In this study, 12 male rats (age: 8 weeks, mean weight: 180±20 g) were selected and randomly divided into control (n=6) and exercise (n=6) groups. High intensity interval training was performed for 4 weeks, 5 days a week including 3 high intervals (4 minutes at 90-100% of VO2max) and 3 low intervals (2 minutes at 50-60% VO2max). Gene expression was calculated by Real time-PCR technique and 2-∆∆CT. Independent t test was used to determine the significance of variables between the groups.The results showed that high intensity interval training significantly changed the increase of gene expression of Mir-210 and VEGF (P=0.005) (P=0.003). Also, the decrease in gene expression of EphrinA3 receptor in the exercise group was significant compared with the control group (P=0.000). Generally, perhaps due to hypoxiawhich happened along with high intensity interval training, increased gene expression of Mir-210 and VEGF improved the pro-angiogenic function of endothelial cells and this adaptation increased angiogenesis in rats.
The effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on CD31+ capillary cell count and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in left ventricle (LV)... more
The effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on CD31+ capillary cell count and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in left ventricle (LV) of male rats in the model of myocardial infraction were determined in this study. 40 male rats were divided into four groups: HIIT, curcumin, concomitant (HIIT+CUR) and control following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction. Curcumin was administered through oral gavage as 15 mg/kgbw/day. HIIT was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions a week and included 60 minutes of interval running (4 min. of running with the intensity of 85-90% of VO2max and 2 min. of active recovery with the intensity of 50-60%). The results showed that HIIT in both HIIT and concomitant groups significantly increased LV VEGF protein expression (P=0.001) while no effect was noted for curcumin (P>0.05). Only curcumin significantly reduced (P=0.001) LV MMP9 protein expression (in both curcumin and concomitant groups). All three interventions significantly increased LV CD31+ capillary cell count (P=0.001). A significantly greater effect was noted for HIIT than curcumin (P=0.001) and for concomitant than both HIIT and curcumin (P=0.001). The results showed that all three interventions including curcumin, HIIT and concomitant were involved in capillary proliferation following infraction; however, curcumin induced capillary growth seems to occur through paths independent of VEGF as well. But the exact function of MMP9 down-regulation induced by curcumin is still unclear and more research is required because of the study limitations.
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for heart disease and has a major contribution in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. In diabetics people, high levels of glucose is a very important issue that should be controlled. In the present... more
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for heart disease and has a major contribution in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. In diabetics people, high levels of glucose is a very important issue that should be controlled. In the present study, the effect of 8-week HIIT was investigated on Serum levels of Asprosin, insulin, and insulin resistance index in diabetic rats. In this Investigation, A total of 32 male Wistar rats (mean weight, 180/23±7gr) were randomly divided into four groups of Healthy control (N=8), diabetic control (N= 8), Healthy training (N= 8) and Diabetic training (N= 8). The training group performed a 8-week High Intensity Interval Training, and 48 hours after the end of the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. The variables of interest (Serum Levels of Asprosin, level of glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index), were measured. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis at significance level of p≤0.05.
There was a significant difference among Asprosin (p>0/001), level of glucose (p>0/001), insulin (p>0/026), and Insulin Resistance Index (p>0/001) between the Healthy control Group, diabetic control Group, Healthy training Group and Diabetic training Group. According to the results of the present study, it seems that High Interval Intensity Training is an important strategy to decrease Asprosin, plasma glucose and Insulin resistance index in diabetics rat and it can be considered as an effective intervention method for treatment diabetes.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and supplementation of saffron with two weeks of detraining on some of the indicators associated with diabetes in obese women with type 2... more
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and supplementation of saffron with two weeks of detraining on some of the indicators associated with diabetes in obese women with type 2 diabetes. For this purpose, 48 type 2 diabetic obese women were randomly divided into four equal groups (Training, Supplement, Supplements+Training, placebo). The Training, Supplements+Training groups performed aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). Daily dose of 400 mg of Saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The placebo contained 400 mg of wheat flour. Blood sampling was done after 12 hours of fasting. Adiponectin, resinsin, insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR variables were tested. Data analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk test, variance analysis with repeated measures, Bonferron's post hoc test, and one way analysis of variance with LSD post-test. Eight weeks of aerobic training and supplement consumption alone have a significant effect on the indicators related to type 2 diabetes. However, oral consumption of supplement with aerobic exercise has more effects on controlling these indices.
Introduction: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important ischemic cardiopathy which causes of mortality and morbidity throughout worldwide. Myocardial remodeling Following MI is associated with decreased contractile function... more
Introduction: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important ischemic cardiopathy which causes of mortality and morbidity throughout worldwide. Myocardial remodeling Following MI is associated with decreased contractile function and impairment to systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. Generally, it is accepted that exercise training improves cardiac function after MI. The aim of this study was to investigation the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) on structural and functional in post- MI rats.
Methods and materials: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 32) were randomly divided into 4 groups of ischemia/ reperfusion control (MI-CTL), ischemia/reperfusion HIIT exercise (MI-HIIT), HIIT exercises/healthy rats (HIIT) and SHAM-operated groups. MI modeling was induced by the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation. HIIT training started 4 weeks after LAD ligation. Rats ran on treadmill 40 min, 3 days a week for 8 weeks.
Results: The results showed that, there was a significance increase in exercise capacity and cardiac function indices (ejection fraction and fractional shortening) in MI-HIIT group compared to MI-CTL group (p < 0.05). HIIT significantly decreased ventricular dilation and infarct size in comparison with MI-CTL group (p < 0.05). While, there were no significant difference in serum level of cTnI, CK-MB in among groups.
Conclusion: HIIT led to improvement in ventricular contractile function and decrease in pathologic remodeling following MI.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training on serum peptin levels and insulin resistance index in men with type 2 diabetes. The present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical sample of this... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training on serum peptin levels and insulin resistance index in men with type 2 diabetes. The present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 20 men with type 2 diabetes with mean and standard deviation of age 39.1 3 3.25 years, height 173.8 85 4.85 cm weight 80 ± 12.89 kg which were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people. Experimental and control were divided. Experiments in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training three sessions per week with an intensity of 50 to 80% of a maximum repetition. Before and after 8 weeks of exercise, serum levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used to examine intragroup changes. Intragroup changes showed that 8 weeks of circular resistance training significantly reduced levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin (P = 0.0001) compared to the diabetic control group. Also, in the comparison between groups, circular resistance training caused a significant decrease in levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose (P = 0.0001) and insulin (P = 0.001) compared to the diabetic control group. The findings of this study showed that circular resistance training reduces levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin in people with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it seems that this type of exercise can be useful for type 2 diabetics.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of synchronization of music with physical activity on immunoglobulin A, oxygen consumption and respiratory rate. For this purpose, 18 male students of physical education (mean age 22.6 ±... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of synchronization of music with physical activity on immunoglobulin A, oxygen consumption and respiratory rate. For this purpose, 18 male students of physical education (mean age 22.6 ± 2.39 years, weight 78.44 ± 13.82 kg, body mass index 22.36 ± 3.68 kg / m2 and height ± 1.75 ± 0.08 m) were selected and evaluated in three separate sessions.During the first session, the maximum power output of the subjects was measured using an incremental test on the cycle ergometer. The subjects were present in the laboratory during the second and third sessions and cycled on the cycle ergometer for 20 minutes at an intensity of 60% of the maximum power output. The order of sessions with and without music was randomly reversed among the subjects. One session was performed with music and the other without music. Simultaneously with pedaling, oxygen consumption and respiratory rate of the subjects were measured. At the end of the second and third sessions, saliva samples were collected to measure immunoglobulin A. Analysis of oxygen consumption and immunoglobulin A using correlated t-test showed that there is no significant difference between music conditions and without music (Significance level p≤0.05). Comparison of respiratory rate post-tests showed that there is a significant difference between music and non-music conditions (p = 0.01). Overall, the results show that despite changes in respiratory rate, the synchronization of music with physical activity could not affect the level of oxygen consumption and immunoglobulin A.
Follistatin is a key protein in the regulation of muscles (heart and Skeletal) hypertrophy that type 1 diabetes can lead to dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity... more
Follistatin is a key protein in the regulation of muscles (heart and Skeletal) hypertrophy that type 1 diabetes can lead to dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance on blood glucose and Follistatin protein content in the left ventricular tissue of the heart of male rats with type 1 diabetes. In this study, 18 head 2 Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After becoming type 1 diabetic through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) HIIT training 2) endurance training and 3) control (6 heads per group). Exercise groups exercised 4 days a week for 6 weeks according to HIIT and endurance training programs. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Six weeks of HIIT and endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels (p=0.0001) and a significant increase in Follistatin protein content (p=0.0001) compared to the control group. HIIT and endurance training lowered blood glucose levels, indicating that these two types of training could be appropriate and non-invasive treatment for control diabetes. Also, endurance training and HIIT training increased the intracellular content of Follistatin protein, which can be useful for physiological hypertrophy and reduction of cardiac pathological complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga and leech therapy on the management of migraine patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 21 female patients (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into three... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga and leech therapy on the management of migraine patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 21 female patients (age: 36±3.2 years) with migraine were randomly divided into three groups of yoga, leech therapy and control in equal numbers (n =7). The severity of headache was assessed by a questionnaire (VAS) and the duration of headache was checked by a checklist at pre-test, post-test and follow-up periods. Patients in the yoga group performed yoga exercises for 12 weeks (60 sessions, 5 days a week, each session 60 minutes). In the leech treatment group, two leeches were used every week for 12 weeks Used in the back of the posterior auricular muscle. The control group followed their usual medication. For statistical analysis, repeated measurement and ANOVA tests were performed at a significance level of P≥0.05. Intragroup results showed that 12 weeks of yoga and leech therapy separately significantly reduced the severity and duration in the groups (P≥0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the three groups in pain intensity (P = 0.09) and pain duration (P = 0.12). It seems that the interventions showed significant clinical improvement in all three groups. The results of this study showed that leech therapy and yoga therapy have the same benefits as drug therapy in reducing the severity and duration of pain in women with migraine headaches. Therefore, yoga and leech therapy exercises can be effective as an adjunct therapy in migraine patients.
One of the simplest and safest ways to treat diabetes is exercise regularly and Consumption of herbal medicines that have few side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training with aloe... more
One of the simplest and safest ways to treat diabetes is exercise regularly and Consumption of herbal medicines that have few side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training with aloe vera supplementation on some selected adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. In this quasi-experimental study, 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, aloe vera, exercise and exercise- aloe vera groups. High-intensity interval training were performed 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. Subjects received an aloe vera capsule containing 100 mg of aloe vera gel powder in the morning immediately after waking up and one capsule after dinner. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05. The results showed that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation significantly reduced cathepsin S, K, L levels in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, aloe vera supplementation reduced the levels of cathepsin S, K, L, which was not statistically significant (P <0.05). It seems that 12 weeks of HIIT and HIIT with aloe vera supplementation will improve adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Improper regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is associated with dysregulation of metabolism and can lead to metabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 and... more
Improper regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is associated with dysregulation of metabolism and can lead to metabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 and protein expression of CYP1A1 in soleus muscle of male diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: diabetes (D), control (Ct), and exercise + diabetes (ED) group. The diabetic model was induced in rats by STZ injection. The ED group performed an aerobic training protocol five times a week for eight weeks. After the end of the protocol, rat soleus muscle was extracted, and gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 RT-PCR and protein expression of CYP1A1 were measured using ELIZA. RNA was calculated using the formula 2^(-ΔΔCT)and then the data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference between groups in the gene expression of Drp1 (P0.001) and Cyp1a1 (P=0.017), protein expression of CYP1A1 (P=0.028), and glucose (P0.001). Diabetes increases the gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1 and the protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle. However, exercise could only reduce gene expression of Drp1 (P=0.013). Diabetes leads to increased glucose, gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1, and protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle. But the exercise could prevent only increase of gene expression of Drp1.However, exercise could only reduce Drp1 expression (P=0.013). Diabetes leads to increased glucose, gene expression of Drp1 and Cyp1a1, and protein expression of CYP1A1 in skeletal muscle.
Considering the impact of HMB supplement on sport performance, the tendency to consume it in order to achieve more efficiency has increased. Accordingly, the present study investigates the impact of a 6-day consumption of HMB-FA... more
Considering the impact of HMB supplement on sport performance, the tendency to consume it in order to achieve more efficiency has increased. Accordingly, the present study investigates the impact of a 6-day consumption of HMB-FA supplement on factors that influence hypertrophy and recovery in inactive men. 20 inactive men with a body mass index of 21.5±1 kg/m2 and age of 25.1±4 years were classified into the following two groups: sport with placebo and sport with supplement. The subjects started to consume HMB-FA supplement 6 days before resistance exercises. The muscle biopsy samples were taken from the subjects immediately before and 10 minutes after resistance exercise. Similarly, blood samples were taken immediately before and after as well as 48 after the exercise. The Results of independent t-test indicated that there is a significant increase (p =0.001) between serum levels of testosterone before and immediately after exercise in sport with placebo group in comparison with sport with supplement group. In addition, there is a significant increase (p =0.001) in P70S6K values and a significant decrease (p =0.001) in serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) between sport with supplement group and sport with placebo. Therefore, acute consumption of HMB supplement before resistance exercise can increase P70S6K values as the index of hypertrophy. By the same token, it decreases CK and LDH as the indices of muscle damage
The assessment of Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) is a crucial tool for primary prediction of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 8-week high intensity interval training on intima-media thickness of... more
The assessment of Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) is a crucial tool for primary prediction of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 8-week high intensity interval training on intima-media thickness of central and peripheral arteries in overweight men. Present research was quasi-experimental design. Subjects were 18 overweight men (mean BMI 27.9 ± 4.2 Kg/m2). Follow participant election, maximum oxygen consumption test was performed and they were randomly divided into two HIIT (n=12) and control (n=6) groups. Body composition (were evaluate by bio-impedance system), carotid and femoral intima-media thicknesses (FIMT) (were evaluate by ultrasonic system and B-Mode method), and VO2peak assessments were performed in pre- and post-test occasions. All data analysis were done by Two way ANOVA at p<0.05. Body fat percent of subjects were significantly decreased in HIIT group (p=0.041). Also, FIMT were significantly decreased in people with IMT less than 0.9 mm (p=0.026). The study illustrated that IMT of central and peripheral arteries subsequent of 8 weeks HIIT were decreased in overweight men. Also, it is probable that HIIT has an ability to decrease IMT only in overweight men with IMT less than 0.9 mm.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people are concerned about wearing a mask during physical activity and its effect on the cardiac autonomic system (ANS). The purpose of the study was the effect of 2-weeks of moderate-intensity interval... more
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people are concerned about wearing a mask during physical activity and its effect on the cardiac autonomic system (ANS). The purpose of the study was the effect of 2-weeks of moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) based body weight combined with wearing face masks (surgery against N95) on the ANS response of healthy men following the submaximal treadmill running protocol (STRP) and 5 minutes of recovery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study,18 healthy men were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 (surgical mask,N95 mask and Nomask) and MIIT exercises with and without surgical masks or N95 3-times a week, each session with 3-repetitions with intensity (60-70% Maximum-heart rate). Parasympathetic (RMSSD, HFn.u) and sympathetic parameters (LFn.u, LF/HF) and Change distance R-R were evaluated with electrocardiogram and Kubius software before and to 5 minutes of recovery. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed, STRP protocol Implementation before 2-weeks of MIIT did not make a significant difference in LF, LF/HF, RMSSD, HF and mean RR values between the experimental groups (surgical mask against N95 mask) and also compared with the control group (without mask(. In addition, although the intergroup changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic indices and mean RR after 2-weeks of MIIT show relative improvement, they have not yet been statistically significant. Wearing facemasks during exercise training is safe for healthy men and 2 weeks of adaptation to interval training with face mask improves ANS performance.
Objective: In addition to daily calorie intake, vitamin D and iron as micronutrients are the most important in the diet of athletes, especially in adolescence. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of... more
Objective: In addition to daily calorie intake, vitamin D and iron as micronutrients are the most important in the diet of athletes, especially in adolescence. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutrition education intervention on total caloric intake, resting levels and iron and vitamin D intake in competitive adolescent soccer players. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 63 competitive adolescent soccer players in the country's premier league. In order to achieve the total caloric intake and the amount of micronutrients, the subjects were recalled for three days, then blood samples were taken to achieve resting amounts of vitamin D and iron. Nutrition education intervention group (n = 41) and control group (n = 22) The experimental group was trained for 4 weeks (8 sessions of 30 minutes of applied nutrition educating followed by 10 weeks of face-to-face counseling) by attending the website and online. To examine changes within and between groups of analysis Mixed variance and dependent and independent t-tests were used. Results: The results of intragroup mixed analysis of variance test on total calories, resting levels of vitamin D and vitamin D in the diet were significant (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Nutritional education intervention significantly increases total caloric intake, carbohydrate and protein intake, resting levels of vitamin D and intake of vitamin D in the diet of competitive adolescent soccer players, but on resting values ​​and Dietary iron intake has no effect.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by vascular classification and impaired carbohydrates, lipids, and lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity to insulin metabolic effects. on the other hand, it... more
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by vascular classification and impaired carbohydrates, lipids, and lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity to insulin metabolic effects. on the other hand, it seems the effect of exercise on vascular classification is an important issue. In the present study, we evaluated whether 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) decrease vascular calcification and improvement lipid profile in rats. Main Methods: 40 Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into diabetic (T2D), exercise-diabetic (EX-T2D), exercise (EX-CON), and control (CON) groups. After 5 weeks, diabetes was induced in all the T2D and the EX-T2D group. The EX-T2D group trained for 8 weeks. Real-time PCR and colorimetric were performed to investigate the expression of RUNX2 and lipid profile Key Findings: Rat in the T2D group had a significant increase in glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol (p≤0.001), and LDL(p≤0.05) as well as deceased in insulin and HDL (p≤0.05). compared to the control group. In exercise, groups of rats had a significant decrease in RUNX2 expression compared to the control group (p≤0.05). in addition, Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were lower in the EX-T2D group compared to the diabetes group (P≤0.05). Significance: Our data demonstrate that HIIT decreased vascular calcification and improved lipid profile in a mouse model of diabetes. However, further research is required to examine potential clinical relevance.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of six-months of combined care program with garlic supplementation on coagulation factors (INR, PPT, PT) in middle-aged men with DVT. The present study was a quasi-experimental with a... more
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of six-months of combined care program with garlic supplementation on coagulation factors (INR, PPT, PT) in middle-aged men with DVT. The present study was a quasi-experimental with a clinical trial design (code: IRCT20210718051924N1). Subjects were 40 men (age: 51.50 ±4.01 years, fat percentage: 28.63 ±3.24) with a history of at-least 3 years of DVT who were taking warfarin randomly divided into four groups: Combined-exercise, Combined-exercise +garlic, Garlic and Control. Combined-exercise for 24 weeks, 3 sessions per-week, first resistance training (50 to 60% 1RM) and then aerobic training (55 to 60% of the reserve-heart-rate). 1200mg daily garlic supplement was used in the form of capsules at ten o'clock in the morning. PT, PTT and INR factors were measured before and after 24 weeks. Two-way analysis of variance, paired t-test and Tukey post-hoc test were used (P<0.05). The results showed that both combined-exercise +garlic and consumption of garlic increased the PT (garlic 3.3%, p=0.004; exercise +supplement 13.3%, P=0.001) and INR (garlic 2%, p=0.013; exercise +supplement 46%, p=0.001) had a significant effect, also combined-exercise +garlic on the PTT 1.5% (p=0.014) had a significantly effect. But this wasn’t of effects in the combined-exercises (PT: p=0.355, INR: p=0.259, PTT: p=0.448) and the group Garlic was-not significant in PTT (p=0.504). It is recommended to use combined exercises with garlic consumption because of its effect on PT and INR and the important role of these factors in rebalancing homeostasis.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training and consumption of artichoke extract on blood glucose and insulin resistance and its relationship with the cognitive status in elderly with... more
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training and consumption of artichoke extract on blood glucose and insulin resistance and its relationship with the cognitive status in elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: 40 elderly people who obtained a score between 21 and 25 from the MMSE questionnaire were randomly selected, and randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training, artichoke, aerobic training + artichoke, and placebo (each group 10 People) were placed. The interventions were performed for 12 weeks. The aerobic training consisted of eight minutes of running with intensity of 75 to 85% of the maximum stored heart rate in the first session. After two sessions added one minute to the running time, so that after 12 weeks, the running time reached 26 minutes. Artichoke extract was taken in capsules at a dose of 300 mg / kg body weight per day. Results: Blood glucose and insulin resistance decreased significantly in two groups of training and training + artichokes (P <0.05). Cognitive status increased significantly in the three intervention groups compared with the placebo group, which was higher in the training + artichoke group (P <0.05). As cognitive status increased, blood glucose and insulin resistance decreased (P <0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of artichoke extract along with aerobic training for 12 weeks can possibly slow the progressive course of mild cognitive impairment and may stop and prevent the onset of diabetes due to this disorder.
Prevalence of obesity and its related disease is considered as a major health complication worldwide. Changing the phenotype of white adipose tissue to brown following exercise is currently being studied as one of the strategies to... more
Prevalence of obesity and its related disease is considered as a major health complication worldwide. Changing the phenotype of white adipose tissue to brown following exercise is currently being studied as one of the strategies to prevent obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of continuous and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on UCP1 of visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in obese rats. Eighteen obese rats after eight weeks of high fat diet randomly divided into control, continuous training (CT) and HIIT groups. HIIT protocol included high intensity intervals (80-110 % vVO2max) and low intensity intervals (50 % vVO2max) and CT protocol included running with )65-75 % vVO2max( intensity. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed, visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue were removed and UCP1 level was assessed through western blotting method. The results showed that eight weeks of CT and HIIT increase UCP1 in visceral and subcutaneous WAT (p<0.05), and this increase were higher in HIIT group regardless of visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue (P<0.005). It seems that HIIT induce higher increase in UCP1 protein in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue, so obese individuals can use this type of training to benefit obesity prevention affects and improvement of adipose tissue function.
Aim: exercise and hot water immersion is likely to more increase serum IL-6 and CXCL1 as well as insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. However, no straight investigation has been done in this area. Therefore, the aim of... more
Aim: exercise and hot water immersion is likely to more increase serum IL-6 and CXCL1 as well as insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. However, no straight investigation has been done in this area. Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate effect of an acute cycling session while immersed in hot water versus land on serum IL-6 and CXCL1 level and also insulin resistance in male patients with metabolic syndrome.Methodology: 15 males with metabolic syndrome (age: 58.4±4.17, BMI: 31.27±3.27) experienced four test sessions (with 48 hour intervals) including on cycling or inactive sitting in hot water (42 0°C) head out immersion or land conditions with a cross over design. Each of cycling sessions were included on 30 min of interval activity at 50% of MHR. Blood samples were taken before and 15 min post intervention. The variables were quantified using Elisa and Enzymatic methods and the data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measurements (time series method) at 0.05 statistical significance level. Results: Cycling increased serum CXCL1 only in the hot water, while IL-6 elevation was only noted during land exercise (P<0.05). However, insulin resistance was lowered in both hot water (p=0.002) and land exercise (p=0.001) sessions with no difference for this decline, between the two sessions(p=0.217). Conclusion: Cycling within the hot water compared to land, do not provide a remarkable advantage regarding the amount of induced changes in serum IL-6 and CXCL1 and even insulin resistance. However, more investigations remain to be done because of the lack of evidence and study limitations.
Genetic factors play an important role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as strength, power and aerobic capacity. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) has great potential to explore all possible deoxiribnucleotide (DNA)... more
Genetic factors play an important role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as strength, power and aerobic capacity. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) has great potential to explore all possible deoxiribnucleotide (DNA) variants associated with physical performance. However, this new technique has not been used in sports genetics research. Therefore the aim of this case study was to report new variants in genes involved in skeletal muscles strength in an elite weightlifter using WES. After obtaining an informed contest participated in this study from a 32-year-old man, who is a member of the Iranian national weightlifting team, 5 cc of blood was taken and then DNA was extracted. DNA samples were analyzed using the WES method. WES analysis of this elite weightlifter revealed missense mutations (230845794A>G and 230845977G>A) in AGT and  (148206440G>A and 148206473G>C) in ADRB2 genes. Results of WES analysis revealed missense mutations in Power/Strength related genes in this elite athlete. However more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to reveal the relationship between these variants and performance of strength athletes.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three months of lifestyle interventions including unsupervised moderate intensity aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet on hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric parameters in... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three months of lifestyle interventions including unsupervised moderate intensity aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet on hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric parameters in overweight and obese infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The method of this study was experimental with pretest-posttest design and applied approach. Among infertile women with PCOS referred to Arash Hospital in Tehran, 20 women (age 27.9±2.5 years, weight 81.36±8.05 kg and body mass index 30.27±1.97 kg/m2) were selected as the statistical sample and randomly were divided into two experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Exercise program and diet were prescribed based on the demographic characteristics of the experimental group. Hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric parameters of the subjects were measured before and after three months.Intragroup comparison was performed with paired sample t-test and intergroup comparison with ANKOVA test in spss software (P<0.05). In the experimental group, a significant decrease in antimullerian hormone (P=0.016) and total testosterone (P=0.000) was observed. Also, weight, BMI, WC, WHR (P=0.000), systolic blood pressure (P=0.003), fasting blood glucose (P=0.019), TG (P=0.000) and LDL (P=0.035) significantly decreased and HDL (P=0.002) significantly increased. Therefore, it is recommended that this type of interventions be prescribed before or simultaneously with medical treatment for overweight and obese infertile women with PCOS.
The present study investigates the effect of 8 weeks of continuous and high intensity interval training on serum GH/IGF-1 indices and performance of active young men. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 young men (18-25 years old) were... more
The present study investigates the effect of 8 weeks of continuous and high intensity interval training on serum GH/IGF-1 indices and performance of active young men. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 young men (18-25 years old) were selected and randomly assigned into two homogenous groups of continuous training (n=10) and HIIT (n=10) and participated in an eight-weeks training course. The main activity of the continuous training group consisted of 30-50 minutes of continuous running with an intensity of 50-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). HIIT group training were three sets of four repetitions and 15-30 seconds of running with an intensity of 85-95% HRR in each repetition. Blood samplings were taken from all subjects in three stages of pre-test, immediately after the first session and 48 hours after the last training session. Investigations showed that after a session of continuous training or HIIT, the amount of total IGF-1 decreased significantly in both groups (P = 0.0001), while the serum concentration of GH significantly increased in both group (P=0.04). Moreover, after 8 weeks, none of the training methods caused a change in total IGF-1 concentration (P=0.78); But GH concentration increased in both groups (P=0.001). Also, free IGF-1 concentration increased significantly after 1 session and 8 weeks of training in both groups (P=0.001). On the other hand, ALS has decreased significantly in the third stage test in both groups (P=0.001) and IGFBP3 values ​​did not change in any of the two groups (P=0.64). Also, the increase in VO2max was significant in both groups (P=0.001), but this increase was greater in the HIIT group (P=0.032, F=5.49, 1.17). It seems that the use of both continuous and interval training methods can create positive adaptations toward improving participants’ cardiovascular endurance and health, but considering factors such as increasing free IGF-1 and VO2max, HIIT training is a more appropriate method.
Myonectin is a myokine involved in metabolic processes associated with obesity. But the role of exercise on myonectin in obese adolescents has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of... more
Myonectin is a myokine involved in metabolic processes associated with obesity. But the role of exercise on myonectin in obese adolescents has not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of resistance training on the serum myonectin level and anthropometric indices related to weight loss in obese adolescents. In this quasi-experimental study, 16 obese male adolescents with mean age of 17.94±0.61 years and a body mass index between 30 and 35 kg/m2 were targeted selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The training group performed a resistance training program with an intensity of 40-85% of 1RM, for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Before starting the training program and 48 hours after the last training session, serum myonectin levels and indices related to subjects' body composition were measured. Data analysis was performed using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of P=0.05. Data analysis showed that 10 weeks of resistance training significantly increased serum myonectin level (P=0.0001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, the values ​​of weight (P=0.015), body mass index (P=0.020) and fat percentage (P=0.0001) were significantly decreased in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the percentage of body fat (P=0.0001). However, no significant difference was observed between weight and body mass index (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that resistance training with an effect on the amount of myonectin can affect anthropometric indices related to overweight and obesity and can be effective in reducing the potential risk of some obesity-related diseases.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks Circuit Resistance Training (CRT) on some inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure and insulin resistance in pre-hypertensive obese women. For this purpose, 24... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks Circuit Resistance Training (CRT) on some inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure and insulin resistance in pre-hypertensive obese women. For this purpose, 24 pre-hypertensive obese women (mean age: 44.73±4.43 years, body mass index: 32.39±3.8 kg/m2, systolic: 13.21±0.61 mmHg and diastolic: 8.65±0.33 mmHg blood pressure levels), were conveniently selected and randomly divided into CRT training (n=12) and Control (n=12) groups. The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of circuit resistance training, with a frequency of 3 sessions per week, and each session lasted 50 to 60 minutes (15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of weight training, and 10 minutes of cooling). Resistance trainings were performed with an intensity of 40% 1RM for upper body and 60% 1RM for lower body movements. Measurements and blood sampling were done pre and post 8 weeks of training. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilks and analysis of variance with a 2×2 design at a significance level of p˂0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of CRT have significant effects on body fat percent (p=0.007), Waist to Hip Ratio (p=0.017), systolic (p<0.0005) and diastolic (p=0.016) blood pressure and insulin resistance (p=0.043). However, it was not significant in the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α (P ≤ 0.05). The reason could be the type of exercise selected. Depending on the intensity, frequency and duration of the training, they can affect the levels of inflammatory cytokines to a different extent.
Smoking leads to disease, disability and premature death. This research aims to investigate the effect of six weeks of breathing exercise on carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PLT), lactate and oxygen... more
Smoking leads to disease, disability and premature death. This research aims to investigate the effect of six weeks of breathing exercise on carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PLT), lactate and oxygen saturation level (SpO2), and some hemodynamic indices such as heart rate, blood pressure and VO2max of smokers. In this quasi-experimental research, 20 male smokers were selected by targeted sampling and randomly divided into two exercise (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Breathing exercise was done twice a day for six weeks, 5 sessions per week. For statistical analysis of data, ANCOVA test was used to examine the between groups differences (P<0.05). The results showed that 6 weeks of breathing exercise intervention significantly reduced COHb (P=0.001), MPV (P=0.001), PLT (P=0.001), systolic (P=0.008) and diastolic (P=0.03) blood pressure and heart rate (P=0.001) and a significant increase in SpO2 (P=0.001) in the training group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in body mass index, maximum oxygen consumption and blood lactate level between the two groups (P<0.05). According to the results, performing breathing exercises by smokers can be useful in maintaining and improving their health and reducing the side effects caused by smoking.
Angiogenesis and increased capillary density of skeletal muscle is one of the potential physiological changes during the flow restriction exercise (BFR). Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the Effects of 4 weeks... more
Angiogenesis and increased capillary density of skeletal muscle is one of the potential physiological changes during the flow restriction exercise (BFR). Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the Effects of 4 weeks resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on GH, IGF-1, NO and Lactate in male rock climbers. In this semi-experimental study, 20 elite climbers (aged 23±1.43 years; body fat percent 13.1±2.25%; 2 years athletic training history) in a randomized and double-blind design were divided in two equal rock climbing with blood flow restriction (BFR) or rock climbing without blood flow restriction (NBFR) groups Resistance training program was three sessions per week for 4 weeks and each session was 80 minutes with a training intensity of 30% of maximum strength and six movements. Blood samples were obtained in the 4 phases: before and 24 hours after rock climbing protocols in per and post-test. Vascular endothelial growth factor and Growth Hormone were analyzed. Finally, Data were analyzed independent and independent T test. The significance level was set at p<0.05. In the pretest, the increase in concentrations of IGF-1, NO, growth hormone and lactate in the BFR group was greater than NBFR (P <0.05). In addition, the increase in resting NO values was significant only in the BFR group (P <0.05) but the change in resting levels of IGF-1, GH and blood lactate was not significant in the NBFR group (P <0.05). Also, the exercise induced response of IGF-1, NO and GH increased significantly in the .
Neuromuscular dysfunction along with reduced physical activity has significant consequences on muscle function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance and combined training on the MST1 and... more
Neuromuscular dysfunction along with reduced physical activity has significant consequences on muscle function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance and combined training on the MST1 and MAFbx genes expression in Plantaris muscle and behavioral tests in male Wistar rats before decreased physical activity in the form of spinal cord ligation (SNL).twenty four 8-week-old male rats with the mean weight of 250± 20 grams were randomly devided into 3 groups: 1) Sham-Spinal Nerve Ligation (Sham-SNL), 2) Resistance Training-Spinal Nerve Ligation (SNL-S), 3) Combined training-Spinal Nerve Ligation (SNL-CO). In all three groups, three branches of the sciatic nerve of rats were tightly tied after the end of training protocol. The duration of the SNL protocol was 4 weeks. At the end of the protocol, Plantaris muscle was extracted. Real-Time PCR method was used to measure the mRNA expression of the genes. MST1 and MAFbx gene expression in the Sham-SNL group was non-significantly higher than the training groups (P <0.05). On the other hand, the results of one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests showed that there is a significant difference in thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia test between Sham-SNL group and training groups (P <0.05). Considering the significant change of behavioral tests in the sham group compared to the training groups, it can be claimed that resistance and combination training can be useful for improving neuropathic pain.
Many mediating factors, including chemerin, play a role in the process of the effect of sport activities on obesity. In this study, the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on serum Chemerin levels and insulin resistance... more
Many mediating factors, including chemerin, play a role in the process of the effect of sport activities on obesity. In this study, the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on serum Chemerin levels and insulin resistance index of obese young men was investigated. For this purpose, 20 obese young men voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 10, age: 19.91 ± 4.71 years, height: 179.51 ± 12.21 cm, weight: 98.40 ± 10.40 kg) and control (n = 10, age: 19.22 ± 2.24 years, height: 180.01 ± 10.05 cm, weight 98.90 ± 11.60 kg) groups. The training group performed 4 sessions of HIIT per week and for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from subjects, pre and post six weeks of HIIT. Data analysis using independent t-test and paired t-test showed that the subjects' body weight, serum Chemerin, Insulin and Glucose levels and, insulin resistance index in training group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the pre-training and control group. The changes observed in serum Chemerin levels and insulin resistance index appear to have been due to weight loss, and it is suggested that HITT can be used as a new training program in obese individuals for weight lost.
Introduction: One of the most important influential factors in the process of human physiological adaptations is angiogenesis; which helps to repair and grow body tissues by continuously creating blood vessels through angiopoietin... more
Introduction: One of the most important influential factors in the process of
human physiological adaptations is angiogenesis; which helps to repair and grow
body tissues by continuously creating blood vessels through angiopoietin activity.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of three methods of moderateintensity continuous, high-intensity continuous, and high-intensity intermittent
training on the angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 genes expression in the
subcutaneous fat tissue of male Wistar rats.
Methods: For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats with an average weight of
236.3±34.5 grams and age of 8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups of
intense intermittent running aerobic training (including four intense intervals with
an intensity of 90% to 100% of VO2max and four low-intensity intervals at 50% to
60% of VO2max in a total time of 38 minutes), moderate-intensity continuous
running aerobic training (including running at 65% of VO2max in a total time of 47
minutes), high intensity continuous running aerobic training (including running at
65% of VO2max in a total time of 40 minutes with an incremental incline of the
treadmill with a 2% of incline every two weeks), and Control. Twenty-four hours
after the last training session, after complete anesthesia, subcutaneous fat tissue
samplings of the abdomen were done. The gene expression levels of angiopoietin-1
and angiopoietin-2 in subcutaneous fat tissue were measured by the RT-PCR
method. Due to the non-normal distribution of data in some groups, Kruskal-Wallis
statistical method was used.
Results: The results showed that the angiopoietin-1 gene expression increased in all
three training groups compared with the control group, which was significant in the
moderate-intensity continuous group. Also, the angiopoietin-2 expression increased
in all three groups compared with the control group, which was significant in the
high-intensity continuous group.
Conclusion: In general, continuous training seems to have a positive effect on the
increase of angiopoietin-1 and -2 expression in subcutaneous fat tissue
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease causes hippocampal degeneration, memory loss, and dementia. However, the effect of voluntary and forced endurance training and royal jelly consumption on this disease is not clear. In this study, the... more
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease causes hippocampal degeneration, memory loss, and dementia. However, the effect of voluntary and forced endurance training and royal jelly consumption on this disease is not clear. In this study, the effect of eight weeks of voluntary and forced endurance training and consumption of Royal Jelly (RJ) on NF-κB gene expression and antioxidant factors were investigated in trimethyltin (TMT)-treated Alzheimer's rats. Methods: After induction of Alzheimer's disease with TMT, 60 male rats were randomly divided into eight groups, including: first and last week slaughtered Alzheimer's rats control, voluntary training (VT), forced swimming training (ST), sham, voluntary training + RJ consumption (VT + RJ), forced swimming training + RJ Consumption (ST + RJ), and Royal Jelly Consumption (RJ) groups. Also, 12 rats were placed equally in the first and last week slaughtered healthy control groups. The VT and ST groups were placed in a spinning wheel and a special swimming pool for rodents respectively, for eight weeks, and three 60-minute sessions per week using the overload principle. The RJ groups peritoneally received 100 mg/kg/day of royal jelly for eight weeks. One-way ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the values of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Beta 2 Microglobulin (B2m), and NF-κB. Results: TAC gene expression in the hippocampal tissue of ST and VT groups was significant compared with the healthy group (P = 0.02), but MDA gene expression (P=0.165), B2m (P=0.060), and NF-κB (P=0.069) were not significant. Conclusion: In general, voluntary and forced endurance training and Royal Jelly consumption improve the antioxidant gene expression in the hippocampal tissue of TMT-treated Alzheimer's rats.
Introduction: L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that can affect some physiological responses, including protein synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of L-arginine... more
Introduction: L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that can affect some physiological responses, including protein synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of L-arginine supplementation on fat and carbohydrate metabolism before, during, and after endurance exercise of athletes. Methods: The present study was a single-blind crossover design with one group which were 16 to 20-year-old male football players from Shahrood city. This research was the time series model (including two time series of L-arginine or placebo consumption with an interval of two weeks) with repeated measurements In this way, on the testing day and after measuring the weight and height, the first stage of blood sampling was performed and the gas analyzer test was performed at rest, then the subjects consumed six grams of L-arginine or a placebo along with 400 ml of water. After 45 minutes, the second stage of blood sampling was done and the Bruce test was performed on a treadmill. Immediately after the test, the third stage of blood sampling was done and after 30 minutes of rest, the subjects participated in the last stage of blood sampling. blood samples' and respiratory gases' data were analyzed using an analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni correction. Results: Acute consumption of L-arginine supplement decreased maximal fat oxidation and increased maximal carbohydrate oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio after progressive physical activities (P=0.001). In addition, acute L-arginine supplementation increased blood glucose (P=0.001) and glycerol concentrations (P=0.02). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, acute consumption of L-arginine supplement lead to an increase in endurance performance and changes in metabolism during exercise in athletes.
This research aimed to investigate the relationship between HIF1-α and VEGF gene genotypes and changes in aerobic capacity following eight weeks of moderateintensity endurance training in inactive women. Methods: Twenty-three inactive... more
This research aimed to investigate the relationship between HIF1-α and VEGF gene genotypes and changes in aerobic capacity following eight weeks of moderateintensity endurance training in inactive women. Methods: Twenty-three inactive women aged 34 to 43 years old were conveniently selected and performed aerobic training for eight weeks and five 30-minute sessions per week with an intensity of 55% to 75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the training period, aerobic capacity was measured by the Bruce test. A saliva sample was taken and different genotypes of the HIF1-α gene including CC and different genotypes of the VEGF gene including GG, CG, and CC were measured. Statistical methods of Paired t-test and ANOVA were used to observe mean differences in aerobic capacity and the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RLFP) method was used to check genotypes. Results: The results of changes in the aerobic capacity of the subjects and investigation of the relationship between the different genotypes of VEGF and HIF1-α genes following eight weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training, the aerobic capacity of CC and CT genotypes of the HIF1-α gene were equal pre and post-intervention (p=0.529). Also, GG, CC, and CG genotypes of the VEGF gene were equal to the CG genotype (p=0•873). The CT genotype of the HIF1-α gene has the most increase, but this increase was not significant. Conclusion: Therefore, Eight weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training increases the aerobic capacity of HIF1-a and VEGF gene profiles in inactive obese women, but the changes in aerobic capacity of these gene profiles are not significant.
Introduction: The effect of sports training with different intensities on the induction or inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process in testicular tissue has remained unknown.This study aimed to investigate the effect of... more
Introduction: The effect of sports training with different intensities on the
induction or inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process in testicular
tissue has remained unknown.This study aimed to investigate the effect of
continuous training with low intensity (LICT), moderate (MICT), and high intensity
(HICT) on the apoptosis process in the testicular tissue of rats.
Methods: For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into LICT,
MICT, HICT, and Control groups. The LICT, MICT, and HICT groups were trained
with an intensity of 50-60%, 65-70%, and 80-85% of the maximum velocity,
respectively. Protein and gene expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were
measured by Western Blot and quantitative PCR methods. The research data were
analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.
Results: The LICT and MICT groups showed no significant statistical changes in the
Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 expression levels compared to the control group (P>0.05).
However, In the HICT group, the expression of Bcl-2 decreased significantly
(P=0.01) and the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 increased significantly (P<0.05).
Also, the number of apoptotic cells in LICT and MICT did not show a significant
change, but it increased significantly in the HICT group (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of LICT and MICT has no significant effect
on the occurrence or induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process in
testicular tissue. While the HICT group induces the apoptosis process by decreasing
the expression of Bcl-2 and increasing the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and
increasing the number of apoptotic cells in the testicular tissue.
Introduction: Oxidative stress is associated with a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases, including obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and Royal Jelly on oxidative stress and... more
Introduction: Oxidative stress is associated with a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases, including obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and Royal Jelly on oxidative stress and liver tissue enzymes of obese rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (mean weight= 187.5±9.37 grams) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet + Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet + Royal Jelly (HFDRJ) and High-Fat Diet + Training + Royal Jelly (HFDTRJ). The supplement groups orally received 100 mg of royal jelly (per kg of body weight) diluted in distilled water during the intervention period. An aerobic training program including running on a treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% of oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed Five days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test at a significance level of α=0.05. Results: There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), and Catalase (CAT) in HFD group compared with ND group (P=0.001). Also, a significant decrease in MDA values and a significant increase in amounts of SOD, GPX, and CAT was observed in HFDT, HFDRJ, and HFDTRJ groups compared with the HFD group; and in the HFDTRJ group compared with HFDT and HFDRJ groups (P=0.001). 
Conclusion: It seems that the intervention of aerobic training and royal jelly can help to reduce oxidative stress and improve liver enzymes during obesity.
This study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training and vitamin D supplementation on some indicators of liver damage, performance, and depression of women addicted to methamphetamine and heroin. Methods: In this... more
This study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training and vitamin D supplementation on some indicators of liver damage, performance, and depression of women addicted to methamphetamine and heroin. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study design, 32 women addicted to methamphetamine and heroin, with an average age of 28.34 ± 6.7 years, an average weight of 62.06 ± 10.24 kg, and BMI of 24.10 ± 2.93 were voluntarily selected from Fereshteh quit addiction camp in Tabriz and were randomly divided into four groups of Training, Training + Supplement (vitamin D, 2000 IU per day), Supplement, and control. The combined training group program consisted of six circular resistance movements with an intensity of 40-70% of one-repetition maximum in stations and aerobic training with an intensity of 50-70% of heart rate reserve in the form of 5minute aerobic intervals for eight weeks and three sessions per week. Before and after the training protocol, blood samples were taken from the volunteers to measure ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes. Cravings, depression, sports performance, and muscle endurance were also measured. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of the data, and the Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests with Bonferroni correction were used to compare the groups at a significance level of α<0.05. Results: Liver AST and ALP enzymes showed a significant decrease in the Training + Supplement group compared with other groups (P=0.03). But ALT enzyme did not decrease significantly in all groups (P<0.05). Depression (P=0.01), craving (P=0.025), 600 m running, and muscular endurance were significantly improved in the Training group compared with the control group (P=0.001), but there was no significant difference in the supplement group compared with the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Combined training along with Vitamin D supplementation can have beneficial effects on reducing liver damage and depression, and increasing muscle performance and endurance in addicted women.
Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapy treatment for various cancers, but its use has been restricted due to cardiotoxicity effects. Studies about the protective effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)... more
Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapy treatment for various cancers, but its use has been restricted due to cardiotoxicity effects. Studies about the protective effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) against DOXinduced cardiotoxicity and its mechanisms are rare. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of HIIT against the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity on the level of miR-499 expression which is widely expressed under the physiological conditions in the cardiomyocytes. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=6/group) including DOX (20 mg/kg body weight), HIIT (eight weeks, and seven 4-minutes sets of intervals at 80%-90% of VO2max interspersed with 3 minutes periods at 65%-75% of VO2max), HIIT+DOX and Control groups. The mRNA expression level was determined using the RT-PCR method. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used for statistical analysis of data (α<0.05). Results: The results showed that DOX-induction significantly increased the MIR-499 expression in the left ventricular tissue of the rats' heart (P<0.05). Also, the expression level of MIR-499 was increased after exercise, but this difference was not statistically significant. Exercise before the DOX-induction also led to a significant reduction of MIR-499 expression in the HIIT+ DOX group compared with the DOX group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, performing HIIT before DOX induction can reduce the changes in MIR-499 expression caused by DOX. Therefore, HIIT could be a proper strategy for protecting the heart against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing MIR-499 expression.
Background and purpose: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training along with hawthorn consumption on some oxidative stress... more
Background and purpose: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training along with hawthorn consumption on some oxidative stress indicators in the serum of Alzheimer's male rats.

methods: In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. Healthy control, Alzheimer's control, Alzheimer's disease under resistance training, Alzheimer's disease under resistance training with hawthorn consumption, and Alzheimer's disease with hawthorn consumption were divided. Training was for 12 weeks and 5 days a week in the form of climbing a one-meter long ladder with weights attached to the rats' tails.The weight attached to the tail of each animal reached 50-60%in the first week and140-150%of the mice's weight in the last weeks.The group receiving the supplement received the mixture of hawthorn powder with the standard food of mice at a ratio of6.25%of hawthorn powder.24 hours after the last civilizing and supplemental intervention,the mice were unconscious and the serum levels of SOD,GPX,TACand MAD were determined by Eliezer method.Results:The results showed that resistance training, especially when taking hawthorn, led to a significant increase (P=0.002) in the serum level of glutathione peroxidase compared to other groups. However, no significant change was observed in the serum level of superoxide dismutase enzyme, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in the experimental and control groups.

Conclusion: It is possible that resistance training and supplementation with hawthorn can be effective in adjunctive treatment in Alzheimer's patients, especially in the early stages.
Introduction: Pulmonary poisoning and the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) lead to impaired respiratory gas exchange and cause DNA damage. Pumpkin seeds with powerful antioxidant properties can reduce ROS production. Therefore,... more
Introduction: Pulmonary poisoning and the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) lead to impaired respiratory gas exchange and cause DNA damage. Pumpkin seeds with powerful antioxidant properties can reduce ROS production. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of resistance training and pumpkin seed consumption on the levels of inhibitory (Glutathione and ATP) and destructive (Cytochrome-C and Malondialdehyde) factors in lung tissue of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. Methods: forty-two male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 250±50 kg were selected and randomly divided into seven groups (six rats in each group) including 1. Healthy Control, 2. Poisoned Control, 3. Resistance Training, 4. One mg/kg Pumpkin Seeds, 5. Two mg/kg Pumpkin Seeds, 6. Resistance Training + One mg/kg Pumpkin Seeds, and 7. Resistance Training + Two mg/kg Pumpkin Seeds. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a one-meter ladder with a 2-centimeter distance between each step and an 85-degree incline. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software at a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Resistance training combined with the consumption of pumpkin seeds led to a significant effect on ATP, Cytochrome-C, GSH, MDA, and PAB concentrations in lung tissue (P=0.001). Conclusion: The interaction of performing resistance training with pumpkin seed consumption can reduce the production of ROS via toxins such as H2O2 in lung tissue, by increasing factors such as ATP and GSH concentration as well as decreasing Cytochrome-C, MDA, and PAB concentrations.

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