University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of a Single Bout of Progressive Aerobic and High Intensity Interval Exercise on Leukocytes and Blood Platelets of Non-Athlete MenThe Effect of a Single Bout of Progressive Aerobic and High Intensity Interval Exercise on Leukocytes and Blood Platelets of Non-Athlete Men1156188310.22059/jsb.2017.61883FAMehdiYadegariPhD of Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranAli AsgharRavasiProfessor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSiroosChoobinehAssociate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4466-0986Journal Article20130130
BENSCHOP, R. J., RODRIGUEZ-FEUERHAHN, M. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. 1996. Catecholamine-induced
leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. <em>Brain, behavior, and </em>
<em> immunity,</em> 10<strong>,</strong> 77-91.
9. CEDDIA, M. A., PRICE, E. A., KOHLMEIER, C. K., EVANS, J. K., LU, Q., MCAULEY, E. & WOODS, J. A. 1999.
Differential leukocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenic response to acute maximal exercise in the young
and old. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 31<strong>,</strong> 829.
10. GABRIEL, H. & KINDERMANN, W. 1997. The acute immune response to exercise: What does it mean?
<em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 18<strong>,</strong> 28.
11. GIMENEZ, M., MOHAN-KUMAR, T., HUMBERT, J. C., DE TALANCE, N. & BUISINE, J. 1986. Leukocyte,
lymphocyte and platelet response to dynamic exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology and </em>
<em> occupational physiology,</em> 55<strong>,</strong> 465-470.
12. GLAISTER, M., HAUCK, H., ABRAHAM, C. S., MERRY, K. L., BEAVER, D., WOODS, B. & MCINNES, G.
2009. Familiarization, reliability, and comparability of a 40-m maximal shuttle run test. <em>Journal of </em>
<em> Science and Medicine,</em> 8<strong>,</strong> 77-82.
13. GREEN, K. J., CROAKER, S. J. & ROWBOTTOM, D. G. 2003. Carbohydrate supplementation and
exercise-induced changes in T-lymphocyte function. <em>Journal of Applied Physiology,</em> 95<strong>,</strong> 1216-1223.
14. MCFARLIN, B. K. & MITCHELL, J. B. 2003. Exercise in hot and cold environments: differential effects
on leukocyte number and NK cell activity. <em>Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,</em> 74<strong>,</strong> 1231-
1236.
15. MITCHELL, J. B., DUGAS, J. P., MCFARLIN, B. K. & NELSON, M. J. 2002. Effect of exercise, heat stress,
and hydration on immune cell number and function. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 34<strong>,</strong>
1941.
16. NIELSEN, H. B. 2003. Lymphocyte responses to maximal exercise: a physiological perspective. <em>Sports </em>
<em> Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 853-867.
17. NIEMAN, D. C. 1997. Immune response to heavy exertion. <em>Journal of Applied Physiology,</em> 82<strong>,</strong> 1385-
1394.
18. NIEMAN, D. C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, S. L., DONOHUE, K. M., CHRITTON, D. B. W., HADDOCK, B. L.,
STOUT, R. O. N. W. & LEE, J. W. 1991. The effects of acute moderate exercise on leukocyte and
lymphocyte subpopulations. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 23<strong>,</strong> 578.
19. NIEMAN, D. C. & PEDERSEN, B. K. 1999. Exercise and immune function: recent developments. <em>Sports </em>
<em> Medicine,</em> 27<strong>,</strong> 73-80.
20. NIESS, A., FEHRENBACH, E., LEHMANN, R., OPAVSKY, L., JESSE, M., NORTHOFF, H. & DICKHUTH, H. H.
2003. Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive
endurance exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 89<strong>,</strong> 344-351.
21. PEAKE, J. 2002. Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst
activity: possible mechanisms of action. <em>Exercise immunology review,</em> 8<strong>,</strong> 49.
22. PEAKE, J., PEIFFER, J. J., ABBISS, C. R., NOSAKA, K., OKUTSU, M., LAURSEN, P. B. & SUZUKI, K. 2008.
Body temperature and its effect on leukocyte mobilization, cytokines and markers of neutrophil
activation during and after exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 102<strong>,</strong> 391-401.
23. PEDERSEN, B. K. & HOFFMAN-GOETZ, L. 2000. Exercise and the immune system: regulation,
integration, and adaptation. <em>Physiological reviews,</em> 80<strong>,</strong> 1055-1081.
24. PYNE, D. B., SMITH, J. A., BAKER, M. S., TELFORD, R. D. & WEIDEMANN, M. J. 2000. Neutrophil
oxidative activity is differentially affected by exercise intensity and type. <em>Journal of Science</em> <em>and </em>
<em> </em> <em>Medicine in Sport,</em> 3<strong>,</strong> 44-54.
25. RALL, L. C., ROUBENOFF, R., CANNON, J. G., ABAD, L. W., DINARELLO, C. A. & MEYDANI, S. N. 1996.
Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation.
<em> Medicine & Science in Sports</em> & <em>Exercise,</em> 28<strong>,</strong> 1356.
26. ROBSON, P. J., BLANNIN, A., WALSH, N., CASTELL, L. & GLEESON, M. 1999. Effects of exercise
intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. <em>International </em>
<em> journal of sports medicine,</em> 20<strong>,</strong> 128-135.
<em> </em>
27. RONSEN, O., KJELDSEN-KRAGH, J., HAUG, E., BAHR, R. & PEDERSEN, B. K. 2002. Recovery time affects
immunoendocrine responses to a second bout of endurance exercise. <em>American Journal of </em>
<em> Physiology- Cell Physiology,</em> 283<strong>,</strong> C1612-C1620.
28. SHEPHARD, R. & SHEK, P. 1995. Exercise, aging and immune function. <em>International journal of sports </em>
<em> medicine,</em> 16<strong>,</strong> 1-6.
29. SHEPHARD, R. J. 2003. Adhesion molecules, catecholamines and leucocyte redistribution during and
following exercise. <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 261-284.
30. SHEPHARD, R. J. & SHEK, P. N. 1999. Immune dysfunction as a factor in heat illness. <em>Critical reviews in </em>
<em> immunology,</em> 19<strong>,</strong> 285.
31. SMITH, J. 1997. Exercise immunology and neutrophils. <em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 18<strong>,</strong>
46.
32. SMITH, L. L. 2003. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: is this a T helper-1 versus
T helper-2 lymphocyte response? <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 347-364.
33. TANIMURA, Y., SHIMIZU, K., TANABE, K., OTSUKI, T., YAMAUCHI, R., MATSUBARA, Y., IEMITSU, M.,
MAEDA, S. & AJISAKA, R. 2008. Exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage and lymphocytopenia in
sedentary young males. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 40<strong>,</strong> 1455.
34. TIMMONS, B. W., TARNOPOLSKY, M. A. & BAR-OR, O. 2004. Immune responses to strenuous exercise
and carbohydrate intake in boys and men. <em>Pediatric research,</em> 56<strong>,</strong> 227-234.
35. TVEDE, N., KAPPEL, M., HALKJAER-KRISTENSEN, J., GALBO, H. & PEDERSEN, B. 1993. The effect of
light, moderate and severe bicycle exercise on lymphocyte subsets, natural and lymphokine
activated killer cells, lymphocyte proliferative response and interleukin 2 production. <em>International </em>
<em> journal of sports medicine,</em> 14<strong>,</strong> 275-275.
36. VASANKARI, T., KUJALA, U., SARNA, S. & AHOTUPA, M. 1998. Effects of ascorbic acid and
carbohydrate ingestion on exercise induced oxidative stress. <em>Journal of sports medicine and physical </em>
<em> fitness,</em> 38<strong>,</strong> 281-285.
37. WALSH, N. P. & WHITHAM, M. 2006. Exercising in environmental extremes: a greater threat to
immune function? <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 36<strong>,</strong> 941-976.
38. WANG, J. S. & LIN, C. T. 2010. Systemic hypoxia promotes lymphocyte apoptosis induced by
oxidative stress during moderate exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 108<strong>,</strong> 371-382.
39. WIGERNAES, I., HOSTMARK, A., KIERULF, P. & STROMME, S. 2000. Active recovery reduces the
decrease in circulating white blood cells after exercise. <em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 21<strong>,</strong>
608-612.
40. WIGERNÆS, I., HØSTMARK, A. T., STRØMME, S. B., KIERULF, P. & BIRKELAND, K. 2001. Active
recovery and post-exercise white blood cell count, free fatty acids, and hormones in endurance
athletes. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 84<strong>,</strong> 358-366.
41. WOODS, J. A., DAVIS, J., SMITH, J. A. & NIEMAN, D. 1999. Exercise and cellular innate immune
function. <em>Medicine and science in sports and exercise,</em> 31<strong>,</strong> 57.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>The Effect of a Single Bout of Progressive Aerobic and High Intensity Interval Exercise on Leukocytes and Blood Platelets of Non-Athlete Men</strong>
<strong><em> </em></strong>
<strong><em>Received: 2013/3/11</em></strong>
<strong><em>Accepted: 2013/10/3</em></strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>1. Mehdi Yadegari</strong><strong>1</strong><strong> 2. Ali Asghar Ravasi 3. Siroos Choobineh</strong>
1. PhD of Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2. Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3. Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
<strong>Abstract</strong>
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a single bout of progressive aerobic and high intensity interval exercise on leukocytes and blood platelets of male non-athletes. In this study, 11 young male non-athletes performed a single bout of progressive aerobic exercise and a single bout of high intensity interval exercise. Before, immediately and 2 hours after the exercise, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets were counted. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures, LSD post hoc test and independent t test. Leukocytes increased immediately after both activities (<em>P</em>≤0.05). Neutrophils increased immediately after both types of activity (<em>P</em>≤0.05). The number of lymphocytes also increased immediately after both types of activity and with a reduction, they reached below the resting levels 2 hours after the exercise (<em>P</em>≤0.05). The monocytes and platelets increased immediately after both types of activities (<em>P</em>≤0.05). It seems that a single bout of progressive aerobic and high intensity interval exercise can significantly increase the levels of immune cells and blood circulation, and there is no significant difference in the stimulation of immune cells between these two types of exercise.<strong> </strong>
BENSCHOP, R. J., RODRIGUEZ-FEUERHAHN, M. & SCHEDLOWSKI, M. 1996. Catecholamine-induced
leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. <em>Brain, behavior, and </em>
<em> immunity,</em> 10<strong>,</strong> 77-91.
9. CEDDIA, M. A., PRICE, E. A., KOHLMEIER, C. K., EVANS, J. K., LU, Q., MCAULEY, E. & WOODS, J. A. 1999.
Differential leukocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenic response to acute maximal exercise in the young
and old. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 31<strong>,</strong> 829.
10. GABRIEL, H. & KINDERMANN, W. 1997. The acute immune response to exercise: What does it mean?
<em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 18<strong>,</strong> 28.
11. GIMENEZ, M., MOHAN-KUMAR, T., HUMBERT, J. C., DE TALANCE, N. & BUISINE, J. 1986. Leukocyte,
lymphocyte and platelet response to dynamic exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology and </em>
<em> occupational physiology,</em> 55<strong>,</strong> 465-470.
12. GLAISTER, M., HAUCK, H., ABRAHAM, C. S., MERRY, K. L., BEAVER, D., WOODS, B. & MCINNES, G.
2009. Familiarization, reliability, and comparability of a 40-m maximal shuttle run test. <em>Journal of </em>
<em> Science and Medicine,</em> 8<strong>,</strong> 77-82.
13. GREEN, K. J., CROAKER, S. J. & ROWBOTTOM, D. G. 2003. Carbohydrate supplementation and
exercise-induced changes in T-lymphocyte function. <em>Journal of Applied Physiology,</em> 95<strong>,</strong> 1216-1223.
14. MCFARLIN, B. K. & MITCHELL, J. B. 2003. Exercise in hot and cold environments: differential effects
on leukocyte number and NK cell activity. <em>Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,</em> 74<strong>,</strong> 1231-
1236.
15. MITCHELL, J. B., DUGAS, J. P., MCFARLIN, B. K. & NELSON, M. J. 2002. Effect of exercise, heat stress,
and hydration on immune cell number and function. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 34<strong>,</strong>
1941.
16. NIELSEN, H. B. 2003. Lymphocyte responses to maximal exercise: a physiological perspective. <em>Sports </em>
<em> Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 853-867.
17. NIEMAN, D. C. 1997. Immune response to heavy exertion. <em>Journal of Applied Physiology,</em> 82<strong>,</strong> 1385-
1394.
18. NIEMAN, D. C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, S. L., DONOHUE, K. M., CHRITTON, D. B. W., HADDOCK, B. L.,
STOUT, R. O. N. W. & LEE, J. W. 1991. The effects of acute moderate exercise on leukocyte and
lymphocyte subpopulations. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 23<strong>,</strong> 578.
19. NIEMAN, D. C. & PEDERSEN, B. K. 1999. Exercise and immune function: recent developments. <em>Sports </em>
<em> Medicine,</em> 27<strong>,</strong> 73-80.
20. NIESS, A., FEHRENBACH, E., LEHMANN, R., OPAVSKY, L., JESSE, M., NORTHOFF, H. & DICKHUTH, H. H.
2003. Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive
endurance exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 89<strong>,</strong> 344-351.
21. PEAKE, J. 2002. Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst
activity: possible mechanisms of action. <em>Exercise immunology review,</em> 8<strong>,</strong> 49.
22. PEAKE, J., PEIFFER, J. J., ABBISS, C. R., NOSAKA, K., OKUTSU, M., LAURSEN, P. B. & SUZUKI, K. 2008.
Body temperature and its effect on leukocyte mobilization, cytokines and markers of neutrophil
activation during and after exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 102<strong>,</strong> 391-401.
23. PEDERSEN, B. K. & HOFFMAN-GOETZ, L. 2000. Exercise and the immune system: regulation,
integration, and adaptation. <em>Physiological reviews,</em> 80<strong>,</strong> 1055-1081.
24. PYNE, D. B., SMITH, J. A., BAKER, M. S., TELFORD, R. D. & WEIDEMANN, M. J. 2000. Neutrophil
oxidative activity is differentially affected by exercise intensity and type. <em>Journal of Science</em> <em>and </em>
<em> </em> <em>Medicine in Sport,</em> 3<strong>,</strong> 44-54.
25. RALL, L. C., ROUBENOFF, R., CANNON, J. G., ABAD, L. W., DINARELLO, C. A. & MEYDANI, S. N. 1996.
Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation.
<em> Medicine & Science in Sports</em> & <em>Exercise,</em> 28<strong>,</strong> 1356.
26. ROBSON, P. J., BLANNIN, A., WALSH, N., CASTELL, L. & GLEESON, M. 1999. Effects of exercise
intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. <em>International </em>
<em> journal of sports medicine,</em> 20<strong>,</strong> 128-135.
<em> </em>
27. RONSEN, O., KJELDSEN-KRAGH, J., HAUG, E., BAHR, R. & PEDERSEN, B. K. 2002. Recovery time affects
immunoendocrine responses to a second bout of endurance exercise. <em>American Journal of </em>
<em> Physiology- Cell Physiology,</em> 283<strong>,</strong> C1612-C1620.
28. SHEPHARD, R. & SHEK, P. 1995. Exercise, aging and immune function. <em>International journal of sports </em>
<em> medicine,</em> 16<strong>,</strong> 1-6.
29. SHEPHARD, R. J. 2003. Adhesion molecules, catecholamines and leucocyte redistribution during and
following exercise. <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 261-284.
30. SHEPHARD, R. J. & SHEK, P. N. 1999. Immune dysfunction as a factor in heat illness. <em>Critical reviews in </em>
<em> immunology,</em> 19<strong>,</strong> 285.
31. SMITH, J. 1997. Exercise immunology and neutrophils. <em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 18<strong>,</strong>
46.
32. SMITH, L. L. 2003. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: is this a T helper-1 versus
T helper-2 lymphocyte response? <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 33<strong>,</strong> 347-364.
33. TANIMURA, Y., SHIMIZU, K., TANABE, K., OTSUKI, T., YAMAUCHI, R., MATSUBARA, Y., IEMITSU, M.,
MAEDA, S. & AJISAKA, R. 2008. Exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage and lymphocytopenia in
sedentary young males. <em>Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,</em> 40<strong>,</strong> 1455.
34. TIMMONS, B. W., TARNOPOLSKY, M. A. & BAR-OR, O. 2004. Immune responses to strenuous exercise
and carbohydrate intake in boys and men. <em>Pediatric research,</em> 56<strong>,</strong> 227-234.
35. TVEDE, N., KAPPEL, M., HALKJAER-KRISTENSEN, J., GALBO, H. & PEDERSEN, B. 1993. The effect of
light, moderate and severe bicycle exercise on lymphocyte subsets, natural and lymphokine
activated killer cells, lymphocyte proliferative response and interleukin 2 production. <em>International </em>
<em> journal of sports medicine,</em> 14<strong>,</strong> 275-275.
36. VASANKARI, T., KUJALA, U., SARNA, S. & AHOTUPA, M. 1998. Effects of ascorbic acid and
carbohydrate ingestion on exercise induced oxidative stress. <em>Journal of sports medicine and physical </em>
<em> fitness,</em> 38<strong>,</strong> 281-285.
37. WALSH, N. P. & WHITHAM, M. 2006. Exercising in environmental extremes: a greater threat to
immune function? <em>Sports Medicine,</em> 36<strong>,</strong> 941-976.
38. WANG, J. S. & LIN, C. T. 2010. Systemic hypoxia promotes lymphocyte apoptosis induced by
oxidative stress during moderate exercise. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 108<strong>,</strong> 371-382.
39. WIGERNAES, I., HOSTMARK, A., KIERULF, P. & STROMME, S. 2000. Active recovery reduces the
decrease in circulating white blood cells after exercise. <em>International journal of sports medicine,</em> 21<strong>,</strong>
608-612.
40. WIGERNÆS, I., HØSTMARK, A. T., STRØMME, S. B., KIERULF, P. & BIRKELAND, K. 2001. Active
recovery and post-exercise white blood cell count, free fatty acids, and hormones in endurance
athletes. <em>European journal of applied physiology,</em> 84<strong>,</strong> 358-366.
41. WOODS, J. A., DAVIS, J., SMITH, J. A. & NIEMAN, D. 1999. Exercise and cellular innate immune
function. <em>Medicine and science in sports and exercise,</em> 31<strong>,</strong> 57.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>The Effect of a Single Bout of Progressive Aerobic and High Intensity Interval Exercise on Leukocytes and Blood Platelets of Non-Athlete Men</strong>
<strong><em> </em></strong>
<strong><em>Received: 2013/3/11</em></strong>
<strong><em>Accepted: 2013/10/3</em></strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>1. Mehdi Yadegari</strong><strong>1</strong><strong> 2. Ali Asghar Ravasi 3. Siroos Choobineh</strong>
1. PhD of Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2. Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3. Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
<strong>Abstract</strong>
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a single bout of progressive aerobic and high intensity interval exercise on leukocytes and blood platelets of male non-athletes. In this study, 11 young male non-athletes performed a single bout of progressive aerobic exercise and a single bout of high intensity interval exercise. Before, immediately and 2 hours after the exercise, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets were counted. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures, LSD post hoc test and independent t test. Leukocytes increased immediately after both activities (<em>P</em>≤0.05). Neutrophils increased immediately after both types of activity (<em>P</em>≤0.05). The number of lymphocytes also increased immediately after both types of activity and with a reduction, they reached below the resting levels 2 hours after the exercise (<em>P</em>≤0.05). The monocytes and platelets increased immediately after both types of activities (<em>P</em>≤0.05). It seems that a single bout of progressive aerobic and high intensity interval exercise can significantly increase the levels of immune cells and blood circulation, and there is no significant difference in the stimulation of immune cells between these two types of exercise.<strong> </strong>University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of a Period of Plyometric Training on the Levels of Homocysteine and BDNF in Active MenThe Effect of a Period of Plyometric Training on the Levels of Homocysteine and BDNF in Active Men17316190510.22059/jsb.2017.61905FAMahdiNeghabiMSc of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Iran.MohammadFazelzadehPhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.ZiyaFallah MohammadiAssociate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.0000-0002-9214-0195Journal Article20140706The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks training on alterations of serum BDNF and homocysteine and correlation between them in active men.In this semi- Experimental study, Fourteen healthy male students randomly divided into two groups: control and training.The training group performed 4 weeks of selected plyometric training in 2 or 3 sets with 6 or 12 repetitions. BDNF and homocysteine levels was measured before and after period of training. Independent t-test was used to examine differences between groups, and paired sample t-test was utilized to examine differences within groups, and finally Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables. Differences were considered to be significant when pThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks training on alterations of serum BDNF and homocysteine and correlation between them in active men.In this semi- Experimental study, Fourteen healthy male students randomly divided into two groups: control and training.The training group performed 4 weeks of selected plyometric training in 2 or 3 sets with 6 or 12 repetitions. BDNF and homocysteine levels was measured before and after period of training. Independent t-test was used to examine differences between groups, and paired sample t-test was utilized to examine differences within groups, and finally Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables. Differences were considered to be significant when pUniversity of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522An Investigation of Response of FABP5 Plasma Levels to 8 Weeks of Aerobic Exercise in Non-Menopausal and Postmenopausal Overweight WomenAn Investigation of Response of FABP5 Plasma Levels to 8 Weeks of Aerobic Exercise in Non-Menopausal and Postmenopausal Overweight Women33446190610.22059/jsb.2017.61906FAReihanehDelbariMSc, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran.RozitaFathiAssociate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranElaheTalebi GarakaniAssociate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20140503
The present study investigated the response of plasma levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> to 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in women before and after menopause. 10 non-menopausal women (mean BMI ± SD, 27.8 ± 2.03 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 10 postmenopausal women (mean BMI ± SD, 28.6 ± 1.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were assigned to two exercise groups. The program included 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, 3 sessions per week at 40-80% of maximal reserved heart rate. Each session lasted 25 minutes in the first week and it increased up to 45 minutes in the 8<sup>th</sup> week of exercise. Plasma levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> and lipid profile were measured before and after the exercise period. The exercise significantly increased FABP<sub>5</sub> in the postmenopausal group (<em>P</em><0.05). LDL levels significantly increased in postmenopausal group and cholesterol was associated with a significant increase in both groups (<em>P</em><0.05). Increasing levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> in menopause may follow other mechanisms and be associated with metabolic changes after exercise.
The present study investigated the response of plasma levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> to 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in women before and after menopause. 10 non-menopausal women (mean BMI ± SD, 27.8 ± 2.03 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 10 postmenopausal women (mean BMI ± SD, 28.6 ± 1.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were assigned to two exercise groups. The program included 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, 3 sessions per week at 40-80% of maximal reserved heart rate. Each session lasted 25 minutes in the first week and it increased up to 45 minutes in the 8<sup>th</sup> week of exercise. Plasma levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> and lipid profile were measured before and after the exercise period. The exercise significantly increased FABP<sub>5</sub> in the postmenopausal group (<em>P</em><0.05). LDL levels significantly increased in postmenopausal group and cholesterol was associated with a significant increase in both groups (<em>P</em><0.05). Increasing levels of FABP<sub>5</sub> in menopause may follow other mechanisms and be associated with metabolic changes after exercise.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training in Heat Environment on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Active MenThe Effect of High Intensity Interval Training in Heat Environment on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Active Men45626227610.22059/jsb.2017.62276FASeyed MohamadSeyedi BidgoliMSc Student of Kharazmi UniversityHamidRajabiAssociate Professor of Kharazmi UniversityJournal Article20141226 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval training in heat environment on aerobic and anaerobic performance in active men. 24 active university students were divided into three groups: training in the heat environment (HE) (<em>n</em>=8), training in natural environment (NE) (<em>n</em>=8) and control (<em>n</em>=8) as matched subjects according to VO<sub>2max</sub> estimation. HE and NE subjects trained for two consecutive weeks in 12 training sessions. Each session included 5 sets of 150 seconds of running on treadmill with 85-90% of vVO<sub>2max</sub> with 150 seconds of active recovery between each two sets with 50% of vVO<sub>2max</sub>. Before and after the training protocol, subjects performed T<sub>max</sub> test and maximal incremental test on a treadmill to evaluate the aerobic performance and Wingate test was used to assess anaerobic performance in an environment with 23±1° temperature and 35±5% natural humidity. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used (<em>P</em><0.05). Results showed that high-intensity interval training in a heat environment significantly increased vVO<sub>2max</sub>, T<sub>max</sub>, maximum distance, speed of aerobic power and mean anaerobic power (14.3%, 16.3%, 33.4%, 40.1% respectively) compared to the NE group. But the peak anaerobic power significantly increased (15%) only compared to the control group (<em>P</em><0.05). Also, lactate significantly reduced only in HE group (-12.6%) but the differece was not significant in inter-group comparisons (<em>P</em><0.05). The control group showed no significant differences in indices (<em>P</em><0.05). In general, the results showed that two weeks of high-intensity interval training in a heat environment significantly enhanced the aerobic performance and some anaerobic performance indices compared to the natural environment The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval training in heat environment on aerobic and anaerobic performance in active men. 24 active university students were divided into three groups: training in the heat environment (HE) (<em>n</em>=8), training in natural environment (NE) (<em>n</em>=8) and control (<em>n</em>=8) as matched subjects according to VO<sub>2max</sub> estimation. HE and NE subjects trained for two consecutive weeks in 12 training sessions. Each session included 5 sets of 150 seconds of running on treadmill with 85-90% of vVO<sub>2max</sub> with 150 seconds of active recovery between each two sets with 50% of vVO<sub>2max</sub>. Before and after the training protocol, subjects performed T<sub>max</sub> test and maximal incremental test on a treadmill to evaluate the aerobic performance and Wingate test was used to assess anaerobic performance in an environment with 23±1° temperature and 35±5% natural humidity. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used (<em>P</em><0.05). Results showed that high-intensity interval training in a heat environment significantly increased vVO<sub>2max</sub>, T<sub>max</sub>, maximum distance, speed of aerobic power and mean anaerobic power (14.3%, 16.3%, 33.4%, 40.1% respectively) compared to the NE group. But the peak anaerobic power significantly increased (15%) only compared to the control group (<em>P</em><0.05). Also, lactate significantly reduced only in HE group (-12.6%) but the differece was not significant in inter-group comparisons (<em>P</em><0.05). The control group showed no significant differences in indices (<em>P</em><0.05). In general, the results showed that two weeks of high-intensity interval training in a heat environment significantly enhanced the aerobic performance and some anaerobic performance indices compared to the natural environmentUniversity of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of Short-Term Taurine Supplementation on Neuromuscular Fatigue and Blood Lactate Levels in High Intensity Interval ExerciseThe Effect of Short-Term Taurine Supplementation on Neuromuscular Fatigue and Blood Lactate Levels in High Intensity Interval Exercise63746190710.22059/jsb.2017.61907FAAliAkbarnejadAssociate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0154-351XSayed MostafaMousavi MozafarPh.D. Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranرElyasKosariPh.D. Student of Exercise Physiology, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSamanehKoneshlouPh.D. Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150309
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term taurine amino acid supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue and lactate accumulation after high intensity interval exercise. In this quasi-experimental study, the population consisted of physical education students. 20 male active volunteers (mean age, 22.12±1.25 years, height 174.59±4.63 cm, weight 71.52± 8.97 kg, BMI 23.40±2.19 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and body fat percentage 11.81±1.21) in supplementation or placebo groups who were randomly selected participated in 2 sessions of pretest and posttest of maximal interval exercise. Taurine supplementation and placebo (starch) capsules (1 gram) were consumed by experimental and control groups, 5 capsules daily for 2 weeks. After the supplementation period, posttest was immediately conducted. To determine the differences between variables, ANOVA with the between-group and independent t test were used. The results showed that short-term taurine amino acid supplementation decreased neuromuscular fatigue (<em>P</em>=0.002) and blood lactate accumulation (<em>P</em>=0.000) following maximal interval exercise. Therefore, it can be reported that this supplement can be used to improve athletic performance in sprint interval activities.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term taurine amino acid supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue and lactate accumulation after high intensity interval exercise. In this quasi-experimental study, the population consisted of physical education students. 20 male active volunteers (mean age, 22.12±1.25 years, height 174.59±4.63 cm, weight 71.52± 8.97 kg, BMI 23.40±2.19 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and body fat percentage 11.81±1.21) in supplementation or placebo groups who were randomly selected participated in 2 sessions of pretest and posttest of maximal interval exercise. Taurine supplementation and placebo (starch) capsules (1 gram) were consumed by experimental and control groups, 5 capsules daily for 2 weeks. After the supplementation period, posttest was immediately conducted. To determine the differences between variables, ANOVA with the between-group and independent t test were used. The results showed that short-term taurine amino acid supplementation decreased neuromuscular fatigue (<em>P</em>=0.002) and blood lactate accumulation (<em>P</em>=0.000) following maximal interval exercise. Therefore, it can be reported that this supplement can be used to improve athletic performance in sprint interval activities.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of Different Resistance Training Intensities on Liver Function in Obese MenThe Effect of Different Resistance Training Intensities on Liver Function in Obese Men75926191010.22059/jsb.2017.61910FAMohamadAlieIslamic azad university,central Tehran branchHasanMatinhomaeeDepartment of Exercise Physiology, school of physical education and sport science, Islamic ‎Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran‎0000-0001-9340-1759Mohamadali‎Azarbayjani‎Department of Exercise Physiology, school of physical education and sport science, Islamic ‎Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran‎0000-0002-7316-0369Maghsoud‎PeeriDepartment of Exercise Physiology, school of physical education and sport science, Islamic ‎Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran‎Journal Article20150220
Normal liver function is of crucial importance for metabolism and might be affected by exercise training. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training with various intensities on liver function test results in obese males. According to the inclusion criteria of the study, 32 obese males were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups (each group 8 subjects): control, resistance training with low intensity (30% 1-RM), resistance training with moderate intensity (50% 1-RM) and resistance training with high intensity (70% 1-RM). Three groups carried out the resistance training with different intensities 3 times a week. Blood samples were measured in the pretest, mid-test and posttest (after 12 hours of overnight fasting). The collected data were analyzed by variance analysis test with repeated measures. Body fat percent, ALT, GGT and AST significantly reduced in experimental groups compared with the control group (<em>P</em><0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in non-enzymatic markers (TB, ALB). According to these results, it can be concluded that resistance training improves enzymatic markers of liver function in obese males. Furthermore, resistance training with low intensity and higher frequency can be more beneficial.
Normal liver function is of crucial importance for metabolism and might be affected by exercise training. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training with various intensities on liver function test results in obese males. According to the inclusion criteria of the study, 32 obese males were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups (each group 8 subjects): control, resistance training with low intensity (30% 1-RM), resistance training with moderate intensity (50% 1-RM) and resistance training with high intensity (70% 1-RM). Three groups carried out the resistance training with different intensities 3 times a week. Blood samples were measured in the pretest, mid-test and posttest (after 12 hours of overnight fasting). The collected data were analyzed by variance analysis test with repeated measures. Body fat percent, ALT, GGT and AST significantly reduced in experimental groups compared with the control group (<em>P</em><0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in non-enzymatic markers (TB, ALB). According to these results, it can be concluded that resistance training improves enzymatic markers of liver function in obese males. Furthermore, resistance training with low intensity and higher frequency can be more beneficial.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of 10 Weeks of Aerobic Interval Training on Antioxidant and Oxidation Status in Type 2 Diabetic PatientsThe Effect of 10 Weeks of Aerobic Interval Training on Antioxidant and Oxidation Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients931086191410.22059/jsb.2017.61914FAAbbasaliGaeiniProfessor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8679-0669AlirezaGhardashi AfousiPh.D. Student, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20151104 <br />The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of oxidative stress status resulted from aerobic interval training in type 2 diabetic patients. 24 type 2 diabetic patients under medical treatment (mean age 50.29 ± 6.50 years and BMI 27.21 ± 0.67 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were divided into training and control groups. The training program was conducted for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 40 min. with 80% HR<sub>max</sub>. Antioxidant indices [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)], oxidant index [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Results showed that aerobic interval training significantly increased NOx (<em>P</em>=0.004) and GPX (<em>P</em>=0.001) while it significantly decreased MDA (<em>P</em>=0.029). This training had no significant effect on SOD (<em>P</em>=0.063). In addition, interval training improved aerobic fitness capacity (<em>P</em>=0.005), but metabolic parameters showed no significant effects resulting from aerobic interval training. Aerobic interval training increased NO bioavailability through a decrease in oxidants and an increase in antioxidants. Also, intervals of exercise training improved the oxidation status and endothelial function through an increase in antioxidants and shear stress. <br />The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of oxidative stress status resulted from aerobic interval training in type 2 diabetic patients. 24 type 2 diabetic patients under medical treatment (mean age 50.29 ± 6.50 years and BMI 27.21 ± 0.67 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were divided into training and control groups. The training program was conducted for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 40 min. with 80% HR<sub>max</sub>. Antioxidant indices [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)], oxidant index [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Results showed that aerobic interval training significantly increased NOx (<em>P</em>=0.004) and GPX (<em>P</em>=0.001) while it significantly decreased MDA (<em>P</em>=0.029). This training had no significant effect on SOD (<em>P</em>=0.063). In addition, interval training improved aerobic fitness capacity (<em>P</em>=0.005), but metabolic parameters showed no significant effects resulting from aerobic interval training. Aerobic interval training increased NO bioavailability through a decrease in oxidants and an increase in antioxidants. Also, intervals of exercise training improved the oxidation status and endothelial function through an increase in antioxidants and shear stress.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Adiponectin in Obese MenThe Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Adiponectin in Obese Men1091216191710.22059/jsb.2017.61917FAAsiehAbbassi DaloiiAssistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran0000-0003-0746-0299AbbasMaleki DelarestaghiMSc of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, IranJournal Article20160304
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on fibroblast growth factor 21 and adiponectin in obese men. 20 obese men were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (age 29.40±3.34 years, height 1.80±0.053 m, weight 108.10±7.86 kg, body mass index 33.13±1.68 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and control group (age 29.80±2.39 years, height 1.79±0.052 m, weight 106.80±8.16 kg, body mass index 33.13±1.93 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The experimental group performed aerobic exercises with an intensity of 60-75% of target heart rate for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 12 to 14 hours of fasting before and after 8 weeks. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at <em>P</em>≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (<em>P</em>=0.011), adiponectin (<em>P</em>=0.000), performance of beta cell (<em>P</em>=0.008) and insulin (<em>P</em>=0.000) compared to the control group. Also, glucose levels had no significant changes after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in the experimental group compared with the control group (<em>P</em>>0.05). Based on these findings, aerobic exercise may improve the performance of pancreatic beta cells in obese men through an increase in adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and also favorable changes in serum insulin.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on fibroblast growth factor 21 and adiponectin in obese men. 20 obese men were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (age 29.40±3.34 years, height 1.80±0.053 m, weight 108.10±7.86 kg, body mass index 33.13±1.68 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and control group (age 29.80±2.39 years, height 1.79±0.052 m, weight 106.80±8.16 kg, body mass index 33.13±1.93 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The experimental group performed aerobic exercises with an intensity of 60-75% of target heart rate for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected after 12 to 14 hours of fasting before and after 8 weeks. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at <em>P</em>≤0.05. The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (<em>P</em>=0.011), adiponectin (<em>P</em>=0.000), performance of beta cell (<em>P</em>=0.008) and insulin (<em>P</em>=0.000) compared to the control group. Also, glucose levels had no significant changes after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in the experimental group compared with the control group (<em>P</em>>0.05). Based on these findings, aerobic exercise may improve the performance of pancreatic beta cells in obese men through an increase in adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and also favorable changes in serum insulin.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522The Effect of 8 Weeks of Aerobic Exercises with Ergometer and Nettle Extract Supplementation on Plasma Levels of Nesfatin-1 and C-Reactive Protein in Overweight and Obese WomenThe Effect of 8 Weeks of Aerobic Exercises with Ergometer and Nettle Extract Supplementation on Plasma Levels of Nesfatin-1 and C-Reactive Protein in Overweight and Obese Women1231416193910.22059/jsb.2017.61939FASoheilaMoghadam EftekhariMSc Student of Exercise Physiology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMajidVahidian RezazadehAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMehdiMogharnasiAssociate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-9351-5948MansourKarajibaniAssociate Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Industries, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IranJournal Article20160928
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with an ergometer and nettle extract supplementation on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. A total of 46 overweight and obese women (age range of 25-45 years, BMI>25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were purposively selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise+nettle (<em>n</em>=12), exercise+placebo (<em>n</em>=12), nettle (<em>n</em>=11), placebo (<em>n</em>=11). The nettle and placebo groups daily received 8 ml of nettle extraction and placebo solution respectively after their mail meal for 8 weeks. Aerobic exercises were conducted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 60-75% of reserved heart rate. Blood samples were collected after 12 hours of fasting and also 48 hours after the exercises in experimental conditions. Nesfatin-1 plasma level significantly increased in exercise+nettle, exercise+placebo and nettle groups after 8 weeks of aerobic exercises and nettle supplementation (<em>P</em><0.05) and exercise+nettle group had the highest increase. Weight changes, BMI and BF% showed a significant difference in all intervention groups compared to the pretest (<em>P</em><0.01). Also, plasma level of CRP significantly reduced in exercise+nettle, exercise+placebo and nettle groups (<em>P</em><0.05). In general, it seems that aerobic exercise on an ergometer as an effective training method with nettle extract supplementation can immunize the body against inflammatory diseases related to obesity through a reduction in CRP inflammatory marker and an increase in plasma levels of nesfatin-1.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise with an ergometer and nettle extract supplementation on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and C-reactive protein in overweight and obese women. A total of 46 overweight and obese women (age range of 25-45 years, BMI>25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were purposively selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise+nettle (<em>n</em>=12), exercise+placebo (<em>n</em>=12), nettle (<em>n</em>=11), placebo (<em>n</em>=11). The nettle and placebo groups daily received 8 ml of nettle extraction and placebo solution respectively after their mail meal for 8 weeks. Aerobic exercises were conducted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 60-75% of reserved heart rate. Blood samples were collected after 12 hours of fasting and also 48 hours after the exercises in experimental conditions. Nesfatin-1 plasma level significantly increased in exercise+nettle, exercise+placebo and nettle groups after 8 weeks of aerobic exercises and nettle supplementation (<em>P</em><0.05) and exercise+nettle group had the highest increase. Weight changes, BMI and BF% showed a significant difference in all intervention groups compared to the pretest (<em>P</em><0.01). Also, plasma level of CRP significantly reduced in exercise+nettle, exercise+placebo and nettle groups (<em>P</em><0.05). In general, it seems that aerobic exercise on an ergometer as an effective training method with nettle extract supplementation can immunize the body against inflammatory diseases related to obesity through a reduction in CRP inflammatory marker and an increase in plasma levels of nesfatin-1.University of TehranJournal of Sport Biosciences2008-93259120170522A Compareson of Focus of Attention and BDNF Caused by Endurance Exercise in Non-Athlete Boys and GirlsA Compareson of Focus of Attention and BDNF Caused by Endurance Exercise in Non-Athlete Boys and Girls1431556194010.22059/jsb.2017.61940FAMehdiShahbaziAssociate Professor of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AliSamadiAssistant Professor, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4718-6562ZahraNematiPh.D. Student of Motor Learning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAbolfazlShayan NooshabadiPh.D. Student of Motor Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170130
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance exercise on the level of focus of attention and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in non-athlete male and female students and to investigate the relationship between variations in these factors. 30 non-athlete students (mean age 24.1<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>1.6 years) were assigned to 4 groups: males, females, male control and female control based on the Stroop pretest. After blood samples were collected, they continued their endurance exercises for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 40 min. each session with the intensity of 70-85% maximum heart rate based on the endurance exercise protocol. Results showed that endurance exercise significantly increased BDNF in both male and females) <em>P</em><0.05), but the time of response to Stroop test significantly decreased only in male group) <em>P</em><0.05). In addition, the results showed no significant differences between male and female groups in the effectiveness of endurance exercise on the time of response to Stroop test (<em>P</em>>0.05), but level of BDNF was significantly more in female group than the male group (<em>P</em><0.05). The correlation between variations of response time to Stroop test and level of BDNF was not statistically significant in both male and female groups (<em>P</em>>0.05). Finally, according to these findings, it seems that endurance exercise can increase BDNF level and improve focus, but there are possible differences between males and females that need further research.
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance exercise on the level of focus of attention and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in non-athlete male and female students and to investigate the relationship between variations in these factors. 30 non-athlete students (mean age 24.1<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>1.6 years) were assigned to 4 groups: males, females, male control and female control based on the Stroop pretest. After blood samples were collected, they continued their endurance exercises for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 40 min. each session with the intensity of 70-85% maximum heart rate based on the endurance exercise protocol. Results showed that endurance exercise significantly increased BDNF in both male and females) <em>P</em><0.05), but the time of response to Stroop test significantly decreased only in male group) <em>P</em><0.05). In addition, the results showed no significant differences between male and female groups in the effectiveness of endurance exercise on the time of response to Stroop test (<em>P</em>>0.05), but level of BDNF was significantly more in female group than the male group (<em>P</em><0.05). The correlation between variations of response time to Stroop test and level of BDNF was not statistically significant in both male and female groups (<em>P</em>>0.05). Finally, according to these findings, it seems that endurance exercise can increase BDNF level and improve focus, but there are possible differences between males and females that need further research.