ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Concurrent (Resistance - Endurance) Training on Resting Levels of RBP4 and Insulin Resistance in Obese Middle-Age Men
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of concurrent training on RBP4 andinsulin resistance levels in obese middle-age men. For this purpose, 20 obese middle-age men voluntarily participated in this study and were assigned to concurrent training group (n=10, mean age 51.2 ± 2.25 yr and BMI 31.44 ± 0.81 Kg/m²) and control group (n=10, mean age 50.3 ± 2.11 yr and BMI 30.32 ± 1.34 Kg/m²). The concurrent group performed the 12-week protocol including resistance training (3 sessions per week, 50-75% of 1RM for 22 min.) and endurance training (running or walking with 50-80% HRmax for 22 min.). The results showed a significant decrease in RBP4 (P=0.003) and insulin resistance (P=0.019) after 12 weeks of concurrent training in comparison with the control group. It can be concluded that concurrent training can decrease RBP4 and insulin resistance levels. These changes may be in the line with subjects' weight loss.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55223_15b1cd9bcd32aef530c03fef7c84ea79.pdf
2015-07-23
157
170
10.22059/jsb.2015.55223
concurrent training
insulin resistance
Obesity
RBP4
Rahman
Soori
soorirahman@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Aliasgar
Ravasi
aaravasi@ ut.ac.ir
2
Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Darabi
darabimohammadreza30@gmail.com
3
M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Design of a Simulation Training Protocol of Taekwondo Competitions According to Profile of Heart Rate, Blood Lactate and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Changes
Abstract Physical injuries during taekwondo competitions often happen due to physical contacts during fighting; therefore, a training protocol was designed in line with the physiological stress of a real competition according to LA, HR and RPE changes so that the athletes could perform the techniques with a pad instead of a real opponent. For this purpose, 12 professional taekwondo players from national team (mean age 22+3 yr) participated in this study purposively. Anthropometric characteristics and aerobic capacity were estimated using an exhaustive aerobic treadmill protocol and anaerobic power was estimated by the RAST test. Subjects performed the stimulation protocol according with the Olympic weight style. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured with polar telemetry and Burg's RPE10 profile before the competition, at the end of each three rounds, at the end of the third round and in stimulation protocol with pads. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the data mean. No significant differences were observed between the two conditions of competition and simulation training in HR, LA and RPE (P>0.05). The stimulation protocol inserts a psychophysiological stress in line with real competitions on taekwondo players' performance; therefore, this protocol can replace preseason competitions before competitions when the incidence of injury is high.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55224_61b5d0599848459b2c1352bdea5ef69c.pdf
2015-07-23
171
185
10.22059/jsb.2015.55224
blood lactate
design of simulation training
rating of perceived exertion
sports injury
taekwondo
Mehdi
Samadi
msamadi@gmail.com
1
MSc in Exercise Physiology, Physical Education Faculty, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Farzad
Nazem
farzadnazam2@gmail.com
2
PhD in Exercise Physiology, Physical Education Faculty, Hamedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Fong, S. S., & Ng, G. Y. (2011). Does Taekwondo training improve physical fitness? [Review]. Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 12(2), 100-106.
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2- Pieter, W., & Heijmans, J. (2003). Training & competition in taekwondo. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 12(1), 8-23.
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3- Kazemi, M., & Pieter, W. (2004). Injuries at a Canadian National Tae Kwon Do Championships: a prospective study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 5,(1), 22.
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4- koh, J., de, F. T., & Watkinson, E. (2001). Injuries at the 14th World Taekwondo Championships in 1999. Int J Appl Sports Sci, 13(1), 33-48.
4
5- Bompa, T. O., & Haff, G. (2009). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training (5 ed.): Human Kinetics,233-270
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6- Whyte, G. (2006). The physiology of training. Advances in sport and exercise science serie(1 ed.)s.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,3-21
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7- Pieter, W., & Kazemi, M. (2007). Injuries in young Canadian taekwondo athletes. 1st international symposium for taekwondo studies, 197-206.
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18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Investigation of Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics of Junior Volleyball Players for Talent Identification Based on Playing Positions
The aim of this study was to investigate anthropometric and physiological characteristics in junior volleyball players for talent identification according to their volleyball playing positions. 15 junior national volleyball players (mean age 17.7±0.3 years) participated in this study. Players were classified to five groups according to their playing positions: setters, liberoes, middle blockers, receiver attackers and opposite hitter. Then their physiological variables, anthropometric factors and somatotype characteristics were calculated. Results showed significant differences in the anthropometric profile of the players especially in height, weight, length of lower extremity, arm span, arm length, upper arm length, hand span, width shoulder, skeletal muscle mass, WHR and somatotype among different volleyball positions (P<0.05). Liberoes were thinner and shorter than other players (P<0.05). Opposite hitters and receiver attackers were more mesomorph than other players while middle blockers were more ectomorph (P<0.05). Receiver attackers had better vertical jump performance than other groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in other physiological and anthropometric variables among playing positions. These results suggested that more anthropometric differences exist among volleyball players in different positions and players' anthropometric characteristics, somatotype and explosive power should be taken into account during talent selection and talent identification.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55225_59e4c7f1123bca93e5a059e5153c1d5b.pdf
2015-07-23
187
209
10.22059/jsb.2015.55225
elite
physical fitness
somatotype
talent identification
Volleyball
Saeed
Nazari
saeedbolor13@yahoo.com
1
M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Salimi Avansar
alireza_sa_28@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Nazari
vnazari2000@yahoo.com
3
M.Sc. of Sport Management, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
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48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Beneficial or Harmful? An Investigation of Bone Mass Density Changes after High Intensity Interval Training in Adult Male Wistar Rats
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on bone mass density in adult male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 16 rats (weight 250±20 g and 6 weeks old) were divided into experimental group (n=8) and control group (n=8). After a week of orientation to the training protocol, 8 weeks of incremental HIIT was performed. 24 hours after the last training session, the subjects were anesthetized and sacrificed and their femur was removed and placed in formalin. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, g/cm2) in three regions (neck, middle, trochanter) of the femur were measured using DEXA analysis. Independent t test was used for statistical analysis. Results showed a significant reduction in BMD and BMC at femoral neck and trunk while the reduction in trochanter BMC of the experimental group was not significant. Based on these findings, HIIT may not have desired stimulatory effects on bone mass density.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55226_cf22eae08525e34ebec5780e833b46b6.pdf
2015-07-23
211
223
10.22059/jsb.2015.55226
bone mass content
bone mass density
DEXA
high intensity interval training
Alireza
Ghardashi Afousi
alireza.ghardashi@yahoo.com
1
PhD Student, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Siros
Choobineh
choobineh@ut.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas Ali
Gaeini
aagaeini@ut.ac.ir
3
Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Javidi
javidi68@yahoo.com
4
PhD Student, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Fallahi
ali.fallahi62@gmail.com
5
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. مک لارن،دان و مورتون، جیمز. (2012)." بیوشیمی ورزشی و سوختوساز فعالیت ورزشی".ترجمۀ: عباسعلی گائینی (1391) چاپ اول، سمت.
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2. Guadalupe-Grau A, Fuentes T, Guerra B, Jose A.L Calbet. (2009). Exercise and bone mass in adults.review article, Sports Med; 39 (6): 439 -468.
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6. Barry DW, Kohrt WM. (2008). BMD decreases over the course of a year in competitive male cyclists, journal of bone and mineral research; 23(4): 484-491.
6
7. Forwood M. (2001). Mechanical effects on the skeleton: are there clinical implications. Osteoporos Int; 12(1): 77–83.
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8. Freindlander AL, Genant HK , Sadowsky S , Byl N N & Guler C C. (1995). A 2 year program of aerobic and weight training enhanced bone mineral density of young women. J Bone Miner Res; 10(4): 574-585.
8
9. Hagihara Y , Fukuda S ,Goto S ,Iida H , Yamazaki M & Moriya H. (2005). How many days per week should rats undergo running exercise to increase BMD? J Bone Miner.Metab; 23(4): 289-294.
9
10.Haram PM, Kemi OJ, Lee SJ, Bendheim MØ, Al-Share QY, Waldum HL, Gilligan. LJ, Koch. LG, Britton, SL, Najjar. SM, Wisløff U. (2009). Aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise in the metabolic syndrome of rats artificially selected for low aerobic capacity. Cardiovasc Res; 81(4):723-32.
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11. Heinonen A, Oja P, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Manttari A, Vuori I. (1993). Bone mineral density of female athletes in different sports. Bone Miner; 23(1):1–14.
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12. Høydal MA, Wisløff U, Kemi OJ, Ellingsen O. (2007). Running speed and maximal oxygen uptake in rats and mice: practical implications for exercise training. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil; 14(6):753-60.
12
13. Huang TH, Lin SC, Chang FL, Hsieh SS, Liu SH, Yang RS. (2003). Effects of different exercise modes on mineralization, structure, and biomechanical properties of growing bone. J Appl Physiol; 95(1):300–307.
13
14. Huang TH, Yang RS, Hsieh SS, Liu SH. (2000). Effects of caffeine and exercise on the development of bone: a densitometric and histomorphometric study in young Wistar rats. Bone (NY); 30(1): 293–299
14
15. Iwamoto J, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H. (2009). Role of sport and exercise in the maintenance of female bone health. Bone Miner Metab; 27(5):530–537.
15
16. Jarvinen TL, Kannus P, Pajamaki I, Vuohelainen T, Tuukkanen J, Jarvinen M, Sievanen H. (2003). Estrogen deposits extramineral into bones of female rats in puberty, but simultaneously seems to suppress the responsiveness of female skeleton to mechanical loading. Bone; 32(6): 642-651.
16
17. Joo YI, Sone T, Fukunaga M,.Lim SG, Onodera S. (2003). Effects of endurance exercise on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture in young growing rats. Bone; 33(4):485-493.
17
18. Iwamoto I, Shimamura C , Takeda T, Abe H, Ichimura S, Toyama Y, Sato Y. (2004). Effects of treadmill exercise on bone mass, bone metabolism, and calciotropic hormones in younggrowing rats. J Bone Miner Metab; 22(1):26–31.
18
19. Ertem K, Karakoc Y, Duzova H, Kekilli E, Emre MH, Kilinc E, Yagmur C. (2008). Effects of different durations of treadmill training exercise on bone mineral density in growing rats. Biology of Sport; 25 (2):187-193.
19
20. Hart KJ, Shaw JM, Vajda E, Hegsted M, Miller SC. (2001). Swim-trained rats have greater bone mass, density, strength, and dynamics. J Appl Physiol 91(4): 1663–1668.
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21.Kohrt WM., Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR. (2004). American college of sports medicine position stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci.Sports Exercise; 36(11):1985-1996.
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22. Gracia-Marco L, Moreno LA, Ortega FB, León F, Sioen I, Kafatos A, Martinez-Gomez D, Widhalm K, Castillo MJ, Vicente-Rodríguez G. (2011). Levels of physical activity that predict optimal bone mass in adolescents. Am J Prev Med;40(6):599–607.
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23.Myburgh KH, Bachrach LK, Lewis B, Kent K, Marcus R. (1993). Low bone mineral density at axial and appendicular sites in amenorrheic athletes. Med.Sci. Sport Exerc; 25(11):1197-1202.
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24. Myburgh KH, Hutchins J, Fataar AB, Hough SF, Noakes TD.(1990). Low bone density is an etiologic factor for stress fracture in athletes. Ann Intern Med; 113(10): 754-759.
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25. Nikander R, Sievänen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinonen A, Kannus P. (2006). Loading modalities and bone structures at nonweightbearing upper extremity and weight-bearing lower extremity: a pQCT study of adult female athletes. Bone; 39(4):886–894.
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26. Nilsson M, Ohlsson C, Mellstrom D, Lorentzon M. (2009). Previous sport activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with increased cortical bone size in young adult men. J Bone Miner Res; 24(1):125–133.
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29. Scott JP, Sale C, Greeves JP, Casey A, Dutton J, Fraser WD. (2011). The role of exercise intensity in the bone metabolic response to an acute bout of weight-bearing exercise. J Appl Physiol; 110(2):423-32.
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31. Stewart AD, Hannan J. (2000). Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists and controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 32(8): 1373–1377.
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32. Taaffe DR, Snow-Harter C, Connolly DA, Robinson TL, Brown MD, Marcus R. (1995). Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J Bone Miner Res; 10(4):586–593.
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33. Taaffe DR, Robinson TL, Snow CM, Marcus R. (1997). High impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res; 12(2):255–260.
33
34.Huang TH, Chang FL, Lin SC, Liu SH, Hsieh SS, Yang RS. (2008). Endurance treadmill running training benefits the biomaterial quality of bone in growing male Wistar rats. J Bone Miner Metab; 26(4):350–357
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35. Turner CH, Robling AG. (2003). Designing exercise regimens to increase bone strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev; 31(1): 45–50.
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36.Turner CH, Forwood MR, Rho JY, Yoshikawa T. (1997). Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res; 9(1): 87–97.
36
37. Yingling VR, Davies S, Silva MJ. (2001). The effects of repetitive physiologic loading on bone turnover and mechanical properties in adult female and male rats. Calcif tissue Int ; 68:235–239.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Rest Intervals between Sets of Resistance Exercise on Plasma Antioxidant Capacity Changes and Cell Injury Index
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rest intervals between two resistance exercise protocols (with similar volume and intensity) on plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) and creatine kinase (CK). For this purpose, 20 untrained subjects voluntarily participated in the research and randomly assigned to one of the two resistance exercise groups with 2-minute rest interval and 4-minute rest interval. Resistance exercise was performed in four sets of six repetitions maximum (6RM). Blood samples were collected before the exercise, immediately after the exercise, 6, 24 and 48 hours after the exercise. The results indicated that both resistance exercises with different rest intervals significantly changed plasma antioxidant capacity and creatine kinase (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the TAC and CK between the groups during the study (P>0.05). Generally, it can be said that rest intervals between resistance exercises cannot have an effect on redox changes and cellular damage, but the intensity of exercise was more important.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55227_37dc45d43dc5c728a19c3ccd975e8a0a.pdf
2015-07-23
225
239
10.22059/jsb.2015.55227
antioxidant capacity
cell injury index
Resistance exercise
Kamal
Azizbeigi Boukani
kazizbeigi@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sirvan
Atashak
atashk_sirvan@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Mahabad, Iran
AUTHOR
1.Fleck SJ, and Kraemer WJ. (2004). Designing resistance training programs. 3rd edition. Human Kinetics Champaign.42-44.
1
2. ویلمور، ج ، جک ال؛ دیوید، ال کاستیل.(1385). فیزیولوژی ورزشی و فعالیت بدنی. ترجمۀ ضیاء معینی و همکاران. مبتکران، ص99-96.
2
3. Goldfarb AH, Garten RS, Chee PD, Cho C, Reeves GV, Hollander DB, Thomas C, Aboudehen KS, Francois M, Kraemer RR.(2008). Resistance exercise effects on blood glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial vascular occlusion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 104(5):813-9.
3
4. Liu JF, Chang WY, Chan KH, Tsai WY, Lin CL, Hsu MC.(2005). Blood lipid peroxides and muscle damage increased following intensive resistance training of female weightlifters. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1042:255-61.
4
5.Ina M, Akyuz F,Turgut A, and Getsfrid WM.(2001). Effect of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism on free radical generation swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc.33:564-567.
5
6. Smith LL and Miles MP.(2000). Exercise – induced muscle injury and inflammation. In: Exercise and sport science, Garret WE and Kirkendall DT,eds.Philadephia PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.pp.401-411.
6
7. Ji LL. (2000). Free radicals and antioxidants in exercise and sports. In: Exercise and sport science. Garret WE and Kirkendall DT,eds.Philadephia PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.pp.299-317.
7
8.Radovanovic D,Bratic M, Nurkic M, Cvetkovic T, Ignjatovic A, and Aleksandrovic M.(2009). Oxidative stress biomarker response to concurrent strength and endurance training. Gen.Physiol.Biophys.28, 205-211.
8
9. Allen D.L, Linderman R.R, and Roy et al. (1997). Apoptosis: a mechanism contributing to remodeling of skeletal muscle in response to hid limb unweighting.Am.J Physiol.273:C579-C587.
9
10. Atalay Güzel N, Hazar S, and Erbas D. (2007). Effects of different resistance exercise protocols on nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and creatine kinase activity in sedentary males. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine .6, 417-422.
10
11. Buresh R, Berg K, and French J. (2009). The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. J Strength Cond Res 23: 62–71.
11
12. Kraemer WJ, Marchitelli L, Gordon SE, Harman E, Dziados JE, Mello R, Frykman P, McCurry D, and Fleck SJ. (1990).Hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise protocols. J Appl Physiol 69: 1442–1450.
12
13. Mayhew DL, Thyfault JP, and Koch AJ. (2005).Rest-interval length affects leukocyte levels during heavy resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 19: 16–22.
13
14. Ribeiro V, Pereira R, and Machado M. (2008).Resistance exercise-induced microinjuries do not depend on 1 or 3 minutes rest time interval between series. Int J Sport Sci 13: 44–53.
14
15. Jackson AS, and Pollock. (1985) Practical assessment of body composition. Phy sport med.13:76-90.
15
16. Brzycki M. (1993). Strength testing: predicting a one – rep max from repetitions-to-fatigue.Journal of Physical education, recretion and dance. 64:88-90.
16
17. Simão R, Farinati PTV, Polito MD, Maior AS, and Fleck SJ.(2005). Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions performed and perceived exertion during resistive exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 19, 152-156.
17
18. Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, and Miller A. (1993). Clinical Science. 84,407-412.
18
19. Vincent HK, Morgan JW, Vincent KR. (2004). Obesity exacerbates oxidative stress levels after acute exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36(5):772-9.
19
20. Kraemer, WJ and Ratamess, NA. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 674–688.
20
21. Mavrommataki E, Bogdanis GC, Kaloupsis S, and Maridaki M.(2006). Recovery of power output and heart rate kinetics during repeated bouts of rowing exercise with different rest intervals. J Sport Sci Med 5: 115–122.
21
22. Willardson JM. (2006). A brief review: Factors affecting the length of the rest interval between resistance exercise sets. J Strength Cond Res 20: 978–984.
22
23. Tidball JG. (2005).Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288: R345–R353.
23
24. Bassit RA, Curi R, and Costa Rosa LFBP. (2008). Creatine supplementation
24
reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 after a half-ironman competition. Amino Acids 35: 425–431.
25
25. Hudson MB, Hosick PA, McCaulley GO, Schrieber L, Wrieden J, McAnulty SR, Triplett NT, McBride JM, Quindry JC. (2008). The effect of resistance exercise on humoral markers of oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40(3):542-8.
26
26. Kraemer WJ, Dziados JE, Marchitelli LJ, Gordon SE, Harman EA, Mello R, Fleck SJ, Frykman PN, and Triplett T.(1993). Effects of different heavy-resistance exercise protocols on plasma -endorphin concentrations. J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 450–459.
27
27. Nikolaidisi MG, Paschalis V, Giakas G, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y , Kouretasl D, and Jamurtas A.(2007). Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1080-1089.
28
28. Machado M, Koch AJ, Willardson JM, Pereira LS, Cardoso MI, Motta MK, Pereira R, Monteiro AN.(2011). Effect of varying rest intervals between sets of assistance exercises on creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses. Strength Cond Res. 25(5):1339-45.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of an Aerobic Exercise Program with Two Different Volumes on Some Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Mentally Retarded Girls
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an aerobic exercise program with two different volumes on some risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in mentally retarded girls. 24 mentally retarded girls were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) aerobic exercise, 3 sessions per week for 45 minutes, 2) aerobic exercise, 4 sessions per week for 40 minutes, and 3) control. The experimental groups performed aerobic exercises including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of walking, running and free games, and 5 minutes of cooling for 8 weeks with the intensity of 65-75% heart rate reserve. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (α<0.05). Results indicated that no significant differences among the three groups in lipid profiles, heart rate, and some body composition variables (fat percentage, BMI, WC) (P>0.05). To improve their cardiovascular endurance, mentally retarded girls can perform 4 sessions a week for 40 minutes, and to decrease WHR, they can apply 3 sessions a week for 45 minutes. Both volumes can be used for weight and VO2max.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55228_4b5f4a4e043889d9f9f87b48ce8ff1f4.pdf
2015-07-23
241
259
10.22059/jsb.2015.55228
aerobic exercise
exercise volume
mental retardation
risk factors
Amirhosein
Haghighi
ah.haghighi@hsu.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nasrin
Gelardi
gelardi.minoo@yahoo.com
2
MSc of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Hamedinia
mrhamedi1350@gmail.com
3
Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
AUTHOR
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Calders, P., Elmahgoub, S., Roman, M.T., Vandenbroeck, C., Dewandele, I., Rombaut, L., Vandevelde, A, et al. (2011). “Effect of combined exercise training on physical and metabolic fitness in adults with intellectual disability: a controlled trial”. Clinical Rehabilitation., Vol. 25, No. 25, PP:1097- 1108.
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Elmahgoub, S.M., Calders, P., Lambers, S., Stegen, S., Van Laethem, C., Cambier, D. (2011). “The effect of combined exercise training in adolescents who are overweight or obese with intellectual disability: the role of training frequency”. J Strength Cond Res., Vol.25, No.8, PP: 2274-2282.
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24
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Ordóiez-Munoz, F.J., Rosety-Rodríguez, M., Rosety-Rodríguez, J.M., Rosety-Plaza, M. (2005). “Anthropometrical measurements as predictor of serum lipid profile in adolescents with Down syndrome”. Rev Invest Clin., Vol. 57, No. 5, PP: 691–694.
26
Ordonez, F. J., Rosety, M., Rosety-Rodriguez, M. (2006).” Influence of 12-week exercise training on fat mass percentage in adolescents with Down syndrome”. Med Sci Monit., Vol. 12, No. 10, PP: 416-419.
27
Ozmen, T., Ryildirim, N.U., Yuktasir, B., Beets, M.W. (2007). “Effects of school-based cardiovasculare-fitness training in children with mental retardation”. Pediatr Exerc Sci., Vol. 19, No. 2, PP:171-8.
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Pedersen, B.K., Saltin, B. (2006). “Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease”. Scand J Med Sci Sports., Vol. 16, No. 11, PP: 3–63.
29
Perkins, G.M., Owen, A., Kearney, E.M., Swaine, I.L. (2009). “Biomarkers of cradiovscular disease risk in 65-40-year-old men performing recommended levels of physical activity, compared with sedentary men”. Br J Sports.Med., Vol. 43, No. 2, PP:136- 141.
30
Pitetti, K.H., Yarmer, D.A., Fernhall, B. (2001). “Cardiovascular fitness and body composition of youth with and without mental retardation”. Adapt Physl Educ Q., Vol. 18, No. 2, PP: 127‐141.
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Pollock, M.L., Gaesser, G.A., Btcher, I.D., Despres, J.P., Dishman, R.K., Franklin, B.A., Garber, C.E. (1998). “The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and flexibility in healthy adults”. Med Sci Sport Exerc., Vol. 30, No. 6, PP: 975- 991.
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Rosety-Rodriguez, M. (2006). “Physical activity may promote health status of individuals with down syndrome”. Its Key Role In Obesity., Vol. 15, No. 2, PP: 71-67.
33
Savucu, Y. (2010). “Influence of 12-week training on aerobic capacity and respiratory functions of adolescents with down syndrome”. World Applied Sciences Journal., Vol. 11, No. 10, PP: 1292-1296.
34
Shin I.S, Park E.Y. (2012). “Meta-analsis of the effect of exercise programs for individuals with intellectual disability”. Res Dev Disabil., Vol. 33, No. 6, PP:1937-47.
35
Tarik, O., Necmiye, U.Y., Bekir, Y., Michael, W. (2007). “Effect of school based cardiovasculare-fitness training in children with mental retardation”. Pediatrict Exercise Science., Vol. 19, No. 2, PP: 171-178.
36
Varela, A.M., Sardinha, L.B., Pitetti K.H. (2001). “Effects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndrome”. Am J MentRetard., Vol. 106, No. 2, PP:135–144. 13. Ebbeling, C.B., Pawlak, D.B., Ludwig, D.S. (2002). “Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure”. Lancet., Vol.360, No. 13, PP:473-82.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Two Methods of Endurance and Resistance Training on Plasma Apelin Levels and Some Anthropometric Variables in Overweight and Obese Girls
This research aims at the effect of two methods of endurance and resistance training on plasma levels Apelin and some anthropometric variables of overweight and obese girls. 34 individual (kg/m2 25
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55229_d18e6793a2c1392af6187031ac3e1043.pdf
2015-07-23
261
277
10.22059/jsb.2015.55229
anthropometric variables
apelin
Endurance training
Obesity
resistance training
Rezvane
Galdavi
r_galdavi@pgs.usb.ac.ir
1
M.Sc. Student in Exercise Physiology, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Mogharnasi
m_mogharnasi@yahoo.com
2
. Associate Professor in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. محمدی دمیه، امین، خواجه لندی، علی، رستمی، افشین، اسدی، عزتالله. (1389). "مقایسۀ اثرات 8 هفته تمرین قدرتی و استقامتی بر سطوح ویسفاتین پلاسمای مردان میان سال". مجلۀ ارمغان دانش، دورۀ 15، شمارۀ 3، صص 242-233.
1
2. مقرنسی، مهدی، باقری، میترا. (1392). " اثر دوازده هفته تمرین مقاومتی دایرهای بر پروتئین واکنشگر C و نیمرخ لیپیدی زنان غیرفعال". نشریۀ علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورۀ 6، شمارۀ 2، صص 244-233. 3. وکیلی، جواد، رواسی، علیاصغر، گائینی، عباسعلی. (1388). "بررسی اثر تداخلی تمرینات ترکیبی (قدرتی و استقامتی همزمان) بر قدرت و توان هوازی بیشینه". نشریۀ علوم زیستی ورزشی، دورۀ 1، شمارۀ 3، صص 55-41.
2
4. Abdel-lateif, D. M., & El-Shaer, S. S. (2012). “Association between changes in serum vaspin concentrations and changes of anthropometric and metabolic variables in obese subjects after weight reduction”. Journal of American Science., Vol.8, No. 4, PP: 606-611.
3
5. Ayatollahi, S., Ghoreshizadeh, Z. ) 2010(.“ Prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in Iran”.Obesity reviews., Vol. 11, No.5, PP: 335-7.
4
6. Beavers, K.M., Brinkley, T.E., Nicklas, B.J. (2010). “Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation”. Clinica Chimica Acta., Vol. 411, No. 3, PP: 785–793.
5
7. Blüher M. (2009). “Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity”. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes., Vol. 117, No. 6, PP: 241–50.
6
8. Bouassida, A., Chamari, K., Zaouali, M., Feki, Y., Zbidi, A., Tabka, Z. (2010). “Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise”. British journal of sports medicine., Vol. 44, No. 9, PP: 620-30.
7
9. Boucher, J., Masri, B. (2005).“Apelin, a Newly Identified Adipokine Up-Regulated by”. Insulin and Obesity, Endocrinology., Vol. 146, No. 4, PP: 1764-1771.
8
10. Brzycki, M. (1993). “A practical approach to strength training”. 1st ed. McGraw Hill.Womens sports fitness., Vol. 268, No. 8, PP:5457-63.
9
11. Castan-Laurell, I., Michaela, V., Danièle, D., Cédric, D., Michaela, K., Zuzana, K., et al. (2008). “Effect of Hypocaloric Diet-Induce Weight Loss in Obese Women On Plasma Apelin And Adipose Tissue Expression or Apelin and APJ”. Eur J Endocrinol., Vol. 158, No. 6, PP: 905-910.
10
12. Chandrasekaran, B., Dar, O., McDonagh, T. (2008). “ The role of apelin in cardiovascular function and heart failure”. European Journal of HeartFailure., Vol. 10, No. 8, PP: 725–732.
11
13. Chatzinikolaou, A., Fatouros, I., Petridou, A., Jamurtas, A., Avloniti, A., Douroudos, I., et al. (2008). “Adipose tissue lipolysis is upregulated in lean and obese men during acute resistance exercise”. Diabetes Care., Vol. 31, No. 7, PP: 1397-9.
12
14. Cho, JK., Han, TK., Kang, HS. (2010). “Combined effects of body mass index and cardio/respiratory fitness on serum vaspin concentrations in Korean young men”. Eur J Appl Physiol., Vol. 108, No.2, PP: 347-353.
13
15. Eldor, R., Raz, I. (2006). “Lipotoxicity versus adipotoxicity—the deleterious effects of adipose tissue on beta cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes”. Diabetes research andclinical practice., Vol. 74, No. 2, PP: S3-S8.
14
16. Fatouros, I. G., Chatzinikolaou, A., Tournis, S., Nikolaidis, M. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Douroudos, I. I., et al. (2009).“ Intensity of resistance exercise determines adipokine and resting energy expenditure responses in overweight elderly individuals”. Diabetes care., Vol. 32, No. 12, PP: 2161-7.
15
17. Foldes, G., Horkay, F., Szokodi, I., Vuolteenaho, O., Ilves, M., Lindstedt, KA., et al. (2003).“ Circulating and Cardiac Levels of Apelin, the Novel Ligand of the Orphan Receptor APJ, in Patients with Heart Failure”. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., Vol. 308, No. 3, PP: 480-5.
16
18. Hassanzadeh, J., Mohammadbeigi, A., Eshrati, B., Moemenbellah- Fard, MD. (2012). “ Estimation of the regional burden of noncommunicable diseases due to obesity and overweight in Mark-azi province, Iran, 2006-2007”. J Cardiovasc Dis Res., Vol. 3, No. 1, PP: 26-31.
17
19. Heinonen, MV., Laaksonen, DE., Karhu, T., Karhunen, L., Laitinen, T., Kainulainen, S., et al. (2009). “Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome”. Nutr Metab Cardiovas., Vol. 19, No. 9, PP: 626-33.
18
20. Heinonen, MV., Purhonen, AK., Miettinen, P., et al. (2005). “Apelin, orexin-A and leptin plasma levels in morbid obesity and effect of gastric banding”. Regul Pept.,Vol. 130, No. 1-2, PP: 7-13.
19
21. Jackson, AS., Pollock, ML., Ward, A. (1980). “Generalized equations for predicting body density of women”. Med Sci Sports Exerc., Vol. 12, No. 3, PP: 175-181.
20
22. Kadoglou, NP., Vrabas, IS., Kapelouzou, A., Lampropoulos, S., Sailer, N., Kostakis, A., et.al. (2012). “The impact of aerobic exercise training on novel adipokines, apelin and ghrelin, in patients with type 2 diabetes”. Med Sci Monit., Vol.18, No.5, PP: 290-295.
21
23. Kalea, AZ., Batlle, D. (2010). “Apelin and ACE2 in cardiovascular disease”. Curr Opin Investig Drugs., Vol. 11, No. 3, PP: 273-82.
22
24. Kang, J., Rashti, S. L., Tranchina, C. P., Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., and Hoffman, J. R. (2009). “Effect of preceding resistance exercise on metabolism during subsequent aerobic session”. Eur J Appl Physiol. 107:PP: 43-50.
23
25. Kopf, S. (2011). “Circuit training basics and benefits”. National Academy of Sports Medicine Certified Personal Trainer. http://www.fitday.com.
24
26. La Vecchia, C., Giordano, SH., Hortobagyi, GN., Chabner, B. (2011). “Overweight, obesity, diabetes, and risk of breast cancer: interlocking pieces of the puzzle”. Oncologist., Vol. 16, No. 6, PP: 726-9.
25
27. Meral, C., Tascilar, E., Karademir, F., Tanju, IS., Cekmez, F., Ipcioglu, OM., et.al. (2010). “Elevated Plasma Levels of Apelin in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus”. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., Vol. 23, No. 5, PP: 497-502.
26
28. Organization WH.(2006). Fact sheet: “obesity and overweight”. Internet: http://www who int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesit y/en/(accessed 3 January 2005).
27
29. Poehlman, ET., Dvorak, RV., DeNino, WF., Brochu, M., Ades, PA. (2000). “Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: a controlled randomized trial”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., Vol. 85, No.(7), PP: 2463-8.
28
30. Ringström, C., Nitert, MD., Bennet, H., Fex, M., Valet, P., Rehfeld, JF., et.al. (2010). “Apelin is a novel islet peptide”. Regul Pept., Vol. 162, No. 1-3, PP: 44-51.
29
31. Sell, H., Eckel, J.(2010). “Adipose tissue inflammation: novel insight into the role of macrophages and lymphocytes”. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care., Vol. 13, No. 4, PP: 366- 70.
30
32. Sheibani, SH., Hanachi, P., Refahiat, MA. (2012). “Effect of aerobic exercise on
31
serum concentration of apelin, TNFα and insulin in obese women”. Iran J Basic Med Sci., Vol. 15, NO. 6, PP: 1196-201.
32
33. Soriguer, F., Garrido, L., Garcia-Serrano, S., Garcia-Almeida, JM., Garcia-Arnes, J., Tinahones, FJ., et al. (2009). “Apelin levels are increased in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Obes Surg., Vol. 19, No.11, PP: 1574-1580.
33
34. Tapan, S., Tascilar, E., Abaci, A., Sonmez, A., Kilic, S., Erbil, MK., et.al. (2010). “Decreased plasma apelin levels in pubertal obese children”. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.,Vol. 23, No. 10, PP: 1039-1046.
34
35. Ting, SM., Nair, H., Ching, I., Taheri, S., Dasgupta, I. (2009). “Overweight, obesity and chronic kidney disease”. Nephron Clin Pract., Vol.112, No. 3, PP: c121-7; discussion c127.
35
36. Wright, D., Sutherland, L. (2009). “Exercise Increases Apelin Expression in White Adipose Tissue”. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise., Vol. 41, No. 5, PP: 38.
36
37. Yue, P., Jin, H., Aillaud, M., Deng, AC., Azuma, J., Asagami, T., et al. (2010). “Apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity”. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., Vol. 298, No. 1, PP: 59-67.
37
38. Zhou, L., Yu, X., Meng, Q., Li, H., Niu, C., Jiang, Y., et al. (2013). “Resistin reduces mitochondria and induces hepatic steatosis in mice by the protein kinase C/protein kinase G/p65/PPAR gamma coactivator 1 alpha pathway”. Hepatology., Vol. 57, No. 4, PP: 1384-93.
38
39. Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, et al. Reducing of inflammatory cytokine concentration and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over on year.Circulation. 2002;105 :804-809.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Variation of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption and Their Relationship with Body Lipid Profile in Active and Inactive Students
This study aimed at investigating the variations of blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen consumption and their relationship with body lipid profile in active and inactive students. 10 active students (mean age 21 yr, weight 68.1 kg and height 174.1 cm) and 10 inactive students (mean age 21.5 yr, weight 73.07 kg and height 177 cm) from Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University who volunteered to participate in the study were randomly selected. The participants performed Canningham Faulkner submaximal treadmill test until exhaustion (slope: 20%, speed: 12.9 km/hr). Firstly, sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP), sitting heart rate (HR), double product (DP), blood lipid, visceral fat, body fat ratio and body mass index were measured before the test. Then sitting BP and HR and DP were measured immediately after the test and after 3 minutes. The analysis of variance and covariance with repeated measures were used for data analysis. The results showed that recovery of HR (P=0.006, F=6.012), SBP (P=0.02, F=4.353) and DP (P=0.004, F=6.38) occurred more in active students. Modification of results with overweight and blood lipids showed the relationship between some of these indices and poor recovery in inactive students. So it can be stated that fitness and physical activity had positive effects on better recovery of hemodynamic indices after exercise even though no differences were observed in resting and exercise values. Overweight and dyslipidemia can partially explain some of these differences between active and inactive
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55230_e4906f0c20d35072f17b04323cdfe0c3.pdf
2015-07-23
279
296
10.22059/jsb.2015.55230
blood pressure
double product
dyslipidemia
heart rate
overweight
Physical Activity
recovery
Majid
Kashef
kashef1337@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maysam
Shabaaninia
shabaaninia@gmail.com
2
. Lecturer of Islamic Azad University, Shooshtar Branch, Shooshtar, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sara
Zare karizak
sarazarekarizak@gmail.com
3
. PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
سوری، رحمن،. رواسی، علیاصغر،. علیزاده، محم حسین،. سهیلی، شهرام (1389). بررسیرابطۀفشارخونباچگونگیتوزیعچربیدرمردانجوانورزشکارو غیرورزشکار. علوم ورزش: بهار 1389; 2(3) : 21-11.
1
Laukkanen J A, Kurl S, Salonen R, Lakka T A, Rauramaa R, Salonen J T (2004). Systolic Blood Pressure During Recovery From Exercise and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Men. American Heart Association, Inc. DOI:10.1161/01. HYP.0000148460.95060.f2
2
Rani M U, Sharmila N, Geetanjali M P (2013). Study of BMI, WAIST-HIP RATIO, lipid profile in normotensive and hypertensive mailes. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ; Vol 2: 28 ; 5100-5126.
3
Chaturvedi N, Bathula R, Shore A C, Panerai R, Potter J, Kooner J, Chambers J, Hughes A (2012). South Asians Have Elevated Postexercise Blood Pressure and Myocardial Oxygen Consumption Compared to Europeans Despite Equivalent Resting Pressure. Journal of the American Heart Association. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.111.000281.
4
Piwońska A, Piotrowski W, Broda G, Drygas W, Głuszek J, Zdrojewski T, Kozakiewicz K, Stepaniak U, Bandosz P (2008). The relationship between resting heart rate and atherosclerosis risk factors. Kardiol Pol ; 66: 1069-1075.
5
Gayda M, Bourassa M G, Tardif J C, Fortier A, Juneau M, Nigam A (2012). Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise and Long-term Prognosis in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 28 : 201–207.
6
Nagashima J, Musha H, Takada H, Takagi K, Mita T, Mochida T, Yoshihisa T, Imagawa Y, Matsumoto N, Ishige N, Fujimaki R, Hiroyuki N, Murayama M (2010). Three-month exercise and weight loss program improves heart rate recovery in obese persons along with cardiopulmonary function. Journal of Cardiology: 56, 79-84.
7
Ferrier K E, Muhlmann M H, Baguet J Philippe, Cameron J, Jennings G L, Dart A M, Kingwell B (2002). Intensive Cholesterol Reduction Lowers Blood Pressure and Large Artery Stiffness in Isolated Systolic Hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 39, No. 6.
8
15. Kurl S, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA, Sivenius J, Salonen JT (2001). Systolic blood pressure response to exercise stress test and risk of stroke. Stroke. 32:2036–2041.
9
Dimkpa U, Ugwu A C (2010). Independent Multiple Correlates of Post-Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery in Healthy Adults. Int J Exerc Sci 3(1): 25-35.
10
Nieminen T, Leino J, Maanoja J, Nikus K, Viik J, Lehtimaki T, Koobi T, Lehtinen R, Niemela K, Turjanmaa V, Kahonen M (2008). The prognostic value of haemodynamic parameters in the recovery phase of an exercise test. The Finnish Cardiovascular Study. J Hum Hypertens. 22:537–543.
11
Zivkovic R, Suric-lambic L, Zdravcovic M (2009).Physical exercise at low altitude as lifestyle change relationship with pulse pressure and rate–pressure product in hypertensive patients. Medical Center Stari Grad, Serbia: doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.338, LC000607.
12
Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P , Azizi F (2004). Waist-to-Hip Ratio is a Better Screening Measure for Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Other Anthropometric Indicators in Tehranian Adult Men. International Journal of Obesity; 28:1325-1332.
13
Ray S, Kulkarni B, Sreenivas A (2011). Prevalence of prehypertension in young military adults & its association with overweight & dyslipidaemia. Indian J Med Res 134, pp 162-167.
14
Yao X G, Frommlet F, Zhou L, Zu F, Wang H M, Yan Z T, Luo W L, Hong J, Wang X L, Li N F (2010). The prevalence of hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia in individuals of over 30 years of age belonging to minorities from the pasture area of Xinjiang. BMC Public Health, 10:91.
15
Laaksonen D E, Niskanen L, Nyyssnen K, Lakka T A, Laukkanen J A, Salonen J T (2008). Dyslipidaemia as a predictor of hypertension in middle-aged men. European Heart Journal: 29, 2561–2568.
16
Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs D R, Shahar E, Folsom A R (2006). Coronary Risk Factors and Myocardial Perfusion in Asymptomatic Adults The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 47, No. 3.
17
Saely C H, Risch L, Frey F, Lupi G A, Leuppi J D, Drexel H, Huber A R (2009). Body mass index, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol in young Swiss men: an analysis on 56784 army conscripts. SWISSMEDWKL; 139(35–36): 518–524·
18
Dalleck L C, Kjelland E M (2012). The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in College-Aged Students. American Journal of Health Promotion: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 37-42.
19
Pap D, Colak E, Majki-Singh N, Grubor-Laj G, Vickovi Sanja (2013). Lipoproteins and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a studend population. J Med Biochem 32: 140–145.
20
Rashidi A A, Parastouei K, Shahaboddin M E (2012). Metabolic syndrome among medical university students in Kashan, Iran. Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 7(41), pp. 3549-3553.
21
Muhihi A, Njelekela M, Mpembeni R, Masesa Z, Kitamori K, Mori M, Kato N, Mtabaji J, Yamori Y (2012). Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors among young and middleaged men in urban Mwanza, Tanzania. P an African Medical Journal – ISSN: 1937- 8688 (www.panafrican-med-journal.com).
22
Lefevre M, Redman L M, Heilbronn L K, Smith J V, Martin C K, Rood J C, Greenway F L, a, Williamson D A, Smith S R, Ravussin E (2009). Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in healthy non-obese individuals. Atherosclerosis 203: 206–213.
23
Jafarzadeh G, Rastegari M (2013). The relationship between physical activity level and risk factors for coronary heart disease for young sons. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3):548-553.
24
Skretteberg P T, Grundvold I, Kjeldsen S E, Erikssen J E, Sandvik L, Liest K, Erikssen G, Terje Pedersen R, Bodegard J (2012). HDL-cholesterol and prediction of coronary heart disease: Modified by physical fitness? A 28-year follow-up of apparently healthy men. Atherosclerosis 220 : 250–256.
25
Baruth M, Wilcox S, Sallis J F, King A C, Marcus B H, Blair S N (2011). Changes in CVD risk factors in the activity counseling trial. Int J Gen Med. 19;4:53-62.
26
Sung J, Choi Y H, Park J B (2006). Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Delayed Heart Rate Recovery after Exercise. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21: 621-6.
27
Tambalis K, Panagiotakos D B, Kavouras S A, Sidossis L S. Responses of blood lipids to aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic with resistance exercise training: a systematic review of current evidence. Angiology. ;60(5):614-32.
28
Villella M, Villella A, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Maggioni AP (1999). Prognostic significance of double product and inadequate double product response to maximal symptom-limited exercise stress testing after myocardial infarction in 6296 patients treated with thrombolytic agents. GISSI-2 Investigators. Grupo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell-Infarto Miocardico. Am Heart J;137:443–452. 20. Fernandes J, Lofgren I E (2011). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and individual criteria in college students. J Am Coll Health.59(4):313-21.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of 8 Weeks of Intermittent Training on Lactate (La) Level and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme Activity in Male Wistar Rats
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intermittent training on lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Wistar rats. 20 male Wistar rats (mean age 3 months and weight 224±14 g) were selected and randomly divided into the training (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The training protocol consisted of running on a treadmill for 4 minutes and then 2 minutes of active rest in 10 training phases for the experimental group. All rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine 48 hours after the last training session after an overnight fasting. To measure lactate and LDH enzyme activity, blood samples were obtained from their cardiac puncture. Data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation (M+SD) and independent t test. The results showed no significant differences in blood lactate level between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in LDH enzyme activity between the two groups (P˂0.05). These results indicate that intermittent training caused the clearance of lactate. Enhance of lactate replenished muscle glycogen and prevented H+ concentration which was produced along with lactate.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55231_38bf7a995ebf333ff2ad0bf3b1b007d8.pdf
2015-07-23
297
309
10.22059/jsb.2015.55231
intermittent training
lactate (La)
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme
rat
Allahyar
Arabmomeni
aarabmomeni@yahoo.com
1
PhD of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr Branch, Khomeinishahr, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Mohebi
mohebbi_h@yahoo.com
2
Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Farhad
Rahmani nia
frahmani2001 @ yahoo.com
3
Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Riasi
4
Assistant Professor of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Industrial University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Burgomaster KA, Cermak NM, Phillips SM, Benton CR, Bonen A, Gibala MJ. (2007). Divergent response of metabolite transport proteins in human skeletal muscle after sprint interval training and detraining, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1970–R1976,
1
2. Choung BY, Byun SJ, Suh JG, Kim TY. (2004). Extracellular superoxide dismutase tissue distribution and the patterns of superoxide dismutase mRNA expression following ultraviolet irradiation on mouse skin. Exp Dermatol; 13(11):691-9.
2
3. Clarkson.P. Kearns.A., Rouzier.P. Rubin.R & Thompson. P. (2006). Serum creatinekinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage. Pediatric critical care medicine.38 (4):623-627.
3
4. Clarkson, P.M., and H.S. Thompson (2000). “Antioxidants: What Role Do They Play in Physical Activity and Health?” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72: 637-646.
4
5. Carnevali Jr. L.C, Eder R, Lira F.S, Lima. W.P, Gonçalves. D.C, Zanchi. N.E, Nicastro. H, Lavoie J.M, and Seelaender. M.C.L, (2012). Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 45: 777-783
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6. Cupeiro, R., Benito, P. J., Maffulli, N., Calderon, F. J., & Gonzalez-Lamuno, D. (2010). MCT1 genetic polymorphism influence in high intensity circuit training: A pilot study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport / Sports Medicine Australia, 13, 526-530.
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8. Díaz-Herrera P, Torres A, Morcuende JA, García-Castellano JM, Calbet JA, Sarrat R. (2001). Effect of endurance running on cardiac and skeletal muscle in rats. Histol histopathol.;16(1):29-
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13. Hafstad AD, Boardman ND, Lund J, Hagve M, Khalid AM, Wisløff U, , Larsen TS, Aasum E. (.2011). High intensity interval training alters substrate utilization and reduces oxygen consumption in the heart. J Appl Physiol 111: 1235–1241.
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14. Hamada, Taku and Takimoto, Masaki, (2013). Regulation of the exercise-induced expression of the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 in skeletal muscle, 2013, J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 2(1): 85-92.
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15. Horita, T., N.C. Komi, C. Nicol, and H. Kyrolainen (1999). Effect of Exhausting Stretch Shorting Cycle Exercise on the Time Course of Mechanical Behavior in Drop Jump”. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupation Physiology. 79: 160-167.
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17. Kay, B. (2008). "Bicarbonate as an ergogenic aids? A physical, chemical, mechanistic view point". Brezilian journal of biomotricity, 16:205-219.
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18. Kelley KM, Hamann JJ, Navarre C, Gladden LB. (2002). Lactate metabolismin resting and contracting canine skeletal musclewith elevated lactate concentration. J Appl Physiol; 93:865–72.
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19. Mashiko.T. T.Umeda.,S.Nakaji & K.Sugawara, (2004). Effects of exercise on the physical condition of college rugby players during summer training camp. Br J Sports Med.38:186-190.
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20. Matsuse H , Shiba N, Umezu Y, Nago T, Maeda T, Tagawa Y, Matsuo S, Nagata K, Basford JR(2006). Effects of a hybrid exercise on the activities of myogenic enzymes in plasma. Kurume Med J.; 53(3-4):47-51.
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21. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nielsen JJ, Nybo L, Rasmussen MK, Juel C, Bangsbo J. ,(2007). Effect of two different intense training regimens on skeletal muscle ion transport proteins and fatigue development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1594–R1602.
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23. Rog´erio Santos de Oliveira Cruz, et al. (2012). Intracellular Shuttle: The Lactate Aerobic Metabolism, The Scientific World Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 420984, 8 pages, doi:10.1100/2012/420984.
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24. Sari, Dewi N.; Endardjo, Sutjahjo; Santoso Dewi I.S. (2013). Blood lactate level in Wistar rats after four and twelve weeks intermittent aerobic training, Med J Indones.; 22:141-5. doi: 10.13181/mji.v22i3.582
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Two Kinds of Resistance Training and Detraining on Serum Levels of Myostatin, Cortisol, Testosterone and Muscle Strength of Non-Athlete Men
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two kinds of resistance training and one period of detraining on serum levels of myostatin, cortisol, testosterone and muscle strength of non-athlete men. For this purpose, 34 non-athlete men (age 33.35+2.8 yr) were divided into three groups: experimental A (4 sessions of training per week), experimental B (3 sessions of training per week) and control. The resistance training (24 sessions) was performed based on Cramer et al. (2004) including 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions with 60-70% 1RM in big muscles. Blood sampling, strength test and body composition measurement were performed before the first session, after the last session and after one period of detraining. The data were analyzed by Mix ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. The results showed that resistance training increased muscle strength, fat free body mass and testosterone while it decreased cortisol and myostatin in both groups. This increase and decrease were higher in experimental A group than experimental B group (P˂0.05). Also, a period of detraining increased serum levels of myostatin and cortisol in experimental B group (P˂0.05). Finally, the findings showed that training frequency led to higher increase and maintenance of those changes resulted from resistance training.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55232_60803e599faed29bafd8e639e1ee0d11.pdf
2015-07-23
311
328
10.22059/jsb.2015.55232
Cortisol
detraining
Myostatin
resistance training
Testosterone
Mokhtar
Askarpour Kabir
amiraskarpour@ut.ac.ir
1
M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohamad
Kordi
mrkordi@ut.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatme
Shabkhiz
shabkhiz@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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2
Ahtiainen, JP; Pakarinen, AM; Alen, WJ; Kraemer, K. (2003). Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength–trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol; Vol.89, No.6, PP:555-563.
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Allen, DL; Unterman, TG. (2007). Regulation of myostatin expression and myoblast differentiation by foxo and smad transcription factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.; Vol.292, No.1, PP:188-199.
4
Artaza, JN; Bhasin, S; Mallidis, C; Taylor, W; Ma, K. (2002). Endogenus expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to myosin heavy chain distribution I C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol; Vol 190, No 2, PP:170-179.
5
Chen, Y; Zajac, JD; Maclean, HE. (2005). Androgen regulation of satellite cell function. Journal of Endocrinology; Vol.181, No.10, PP:21-31.
6
Dalbo, j; Roberts, MD; Sunderland, KL; Poole, CN; Stout, JR; Beck, TW. ( 2011). Acute Loading and Aging Effects on Myostatin Pathway Biomarkers in Human Skeletal Muscle After Three Sequential Bouts of Resistance Exercise. j appl physiol; Vol.66, No.8, PP:855-65.
7
Hulmi, JJ; Kovanen, V; Selänne, H; Kraemer, VJ. (2007). Postexercise myostatin and activin IIb mRNA levels: effects of strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc; Vol.39, No.2, PP:289-297. 9. Jensky, NE; Sims, JK; Rice, JC; Dreyer, HC; Schroeder, ET. (2007). The influence of eccentric exercise on mRNA expression of skeletal muscle regulator. Eur J Appl Physiol; Vol.101, No.4, PP:473-80.
8
Jespersen, A; Nedergaard, LL; Andersen, P; Schjerling, JL; Andersen. (2009). Myostatin expression during human muscle hypertrophy and subsequent atrophy: increased myostatin with detraining. Scand J Med Sci Sports; Vol.21, No.2, PP:215-23.
9
Joulia, J; Ekaza, D; Cabello, G. (2006). Myostatin regulation of muscle development: molecular basis,natural mutations, physiopathologycal aspects. Experimental Cell Research; Vol.312, No.12, PP:2410-2414.
10
Kerksick, CM; Rasmussen, C; Lancaster, S; Starks, M; Smith, P. (2007). Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition; vol.23, No.9, PP:647-656.
11
Kraemer, WJ; Ratamess, NA. (2005). Hormonal response and adaptation to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med; Vol.35, No.4, PP:339-361.
12
Kraemer, WJ; Häkkinen, K; Newton, RU; Nindl, BC; Volek, JS; McCormick, M. (1999). Effects of heavy resistance training on hormonal respons patterns in younger versus older men. J Appl Physiol; Vol.87, No.3, PP:982-992.
13
Ma, K; Malliadis, C; Artaza, J; Taylor, W; Gonzalez, N; Bahsin, S. (2001). Characterization of 5’-regulatory region of human myostatin gene: regulation by dexamethasone in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab; Vol.281, No.6, PP:1128-1136.
14
Mero, AA; Hulmi, JJ; Salmijärvi, H; Katajavuori, M; Haverinen, M; Holviala, J. (2012). Resistance training induced increase in muscle fiber size in young and older men. J Appl Physiol; Vol.113, No.3, PP:641-50.
15
Raastad, T; Bjøro, T; Hallén, J. (2000). Hormonal responses to high-intensity strength exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol; Vol.82, No.1, PP:121-128.
16
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17
Salehian, B; Mahabadi, V; Bialas, J; Ma, K. (2006). The effect of glutamine on prevention of glucocortocoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated whit myostatin expression. Metabolism Clinical and Exprimental; Vol.55, No.9, PP:1239-1247.
18
Saremi, A. (2009). Effect of resistance training on bone mineral density and serum levels of myostatin in young men. J Arak University of Medical Sciences; Vol.12, No.2, PP:89-97.
19
Sinha, I; Artaza, J; Woodhouse, L; Gonzalez, N; Singh, AB. (2001). Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with musclefiber hypertrophy. Am J PhysiolEndocrinol Metab; Vol.283, No.1, PP:164-169.
20
Sinha, I; Roth, SM; Lee, MI; Bhasin, S. (2003). Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab; Vol.285, No.1, PP:197-205.
21
Solomon, AM. (2006). Modifying muscle mass- the endocrine perspective. Journal of Endocrinology; Vol.191, No.5, PP:349-360.
22
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23
Stewart, CE; Rittweger, J. (2006). Adaptive processes in skeletal muscle molecular regulators andgenetics influences. J Musculoskelet Neural Interact; Vol.6, No.1, PP:73-86.
24
Toigo, M; Boutellier, U. (2006). New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptation. Eur J Appl Physiol; Vol.97, No.6, PP:643-663.
25
Tsuchida, K. (2004). Activins,myostatin and related TGF-β family members as novel thrapeutic target for endocrine, metabolic and immune disorders. Current Drug TargeImmune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Vol.4, No.2, PP:157-166.
26
Walker, KS; Kambadur, R; Sharma, M; Smith, HK. (2004). resistance training alter plasma myostatin but not IGF1in healthy men. Med sci sport exerc; Vol.36, No.5, PP:787-793.
27
Walsh, FS; Celeste, AJ. (2005). Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal muscle stem cells. Biochemical Society Transactions; Vol.33, No.6, PP:1513-1517.
28
Whittemore, LA; Song, K; Li, X; Aghajanian, J; Davies, M; Girgenrath, S; Hill, JJ. (2003). Inhibition of myostatin in adult mice increase skeletal muscle mass and strength. Biophys Res Commun; Vol.300,No.4, PP:965-971.
29
Willoughby, DS; Wilborn, CD. (2006). Estradiol in females may negate skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression and serum myostatin propeptide levels after eccentric muscle contraction. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine; Vol.5, No.9, PP:672-681.
30
Willoghby, DS. Effects of an alleged myostatin binding supplement and heavy resistance training on serum myostatin, muscle strength and mass and body composition. Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism; Vol.14, No.4, PP:461-72.
31
Viru, A. (2004). Cortisol-essential adaptation hormone in exercise. Int J Sports Med; Vol.25, No.6, PP:461-464.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of a Selected Aerobic Exercise on Some Physiological Factors in Patients with Migraine
Migraine is defined as a recurrent headache that is usually unilateral and associated with a complex neurovascular disorder and concurrent stimulation of pain pathways of trigeminal sensory nerves.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected aerobic exercise on some physiological factors in patients with migraine. 22 women with migraine (their age range 22 -53 years) were non-randomly divided into experimental (n=13) and control (n=9) groups. In addition to medical treatment, the experimental group participated in a selected exercise including 35-60 min. on a treadmill and ergometer bicycle with 50-75% HRmax, 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. The control group received medical treatment but they were inactive and only participated in pretest and posttest. Data analysis showed that the protocol significantly reduced headache severity, CGRP and fat percentage, and significantly increased cardiovascular endurance of the experimental group (P˂0.05). Headache severity decreased from 34.23 to 14.30, CGRP decreased from 53.50 to 48.45% in posttest, fat percentage decreased from %31.45 to %25.25 and cardiovascular endurance increased from 24.81 to 41.81 ml/kg/bw. It was concluded that in line with other medical treatments, aerobic exercise may be used as a supplementary medical treatment in patients with migraine.
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55233_edbe169288739d2499d415785962b39d.pdf
2015-07-23
329
345
10.22059/jsb.2015.55233
aerobic exercise
CGRP
migraine
Fereshte
Karimi
fereshtekarimi814@yahoo.com
1
M.Sc. Student, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vazgen
Minasian
vazgenmin@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohamad
Marandi
s.m.marandi@spr.ui.ac.ir
3
Professor, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Chitsaz
chitsaz@ned.mui.ac.ir
4
Professor, Medical Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Time Dependent Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Young Males
The aim of this study was to determine time dependent effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on oxygen kinetics in young males. 40 active students were randomly assigned to four groups: one session of HIIT, two sessions of HIIT, four sessions of HIIT and control. Both HIIT and control groups performed the incremental test on an ergometer bicycle. Two days after the pretest, training groups participated in one, two and four sessions of HIIT. Two days after the end of the training protocol, posttest was carried out. Oxygen kinetics parameters were measured by gas analyzer with breath-by breath method during the protocol, in the pretest and posttest test. The findings showed that one session of HIIT had no effects on oxygen kinetic parameters (P>0.05). Two sessions of HIIT improved some oxygen kinetic parameters such as VO2max, oxygen deficit and time constant 2 (P<0.05), but it had no effects on time constant 1 (P>0.05). In addition, four sessions of HIIT improved all oxygen kinetic parameters: VO2max, oxygen deficit, time constant 1 and 2 (P<0.05). It seems that four sessions of HIIT is the minimum necessary time to improve oxygen kinetic parameters and with regard to practical applications, coaches can use this type of training in their training program for faster improvement of aerobic and anaerobic performances
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_55234_1c33df32f96b13949b96a9473e34c995.pdf
2015-07-23
347
361
10.22059/jsb.2015.55234
aerobic fitness
high intensity interval training
oxygen uptake kinetics
Abas
Saremi
saremi_a56@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Humanities Faculty, Arak University, Arak, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nader
Shavandi
n-shavandi@araku.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Humanities Faculty, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Imman
Khakroo Abkenar
3
M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Humanities Faculty, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
English Abstracts
https://jsb.ut.ac.ir/article_57236_7136ceab77c3e196eb445cec556f745c.pdf
2015-07-23
1
12
10.22059/jsb.2015.57236